RIRDC Completed Projects in 1999-2000 & Research in Progress as at June 2000

3.7 PASTURE SEEDS COMPLETED PROJECTS 1999-2000
PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION

Availability of Technical and Economic Information

HAS-5A

A Study of the costs of production of lucerne, medic and clover seeds

Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd

(02) 9241 5655

Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd

Environmental Issues for Industry

DAQ-148A

Improved handling of chaffy grass seeds

Dr Donald S Loch

(07) 3286 1488

Queensland Department of Primary Industries

Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

SAR-10A	Development of a bacterial wilt test to facilitate the export of lucerne seed	Dr Kathy Ophel-Keller	(08) 8303 9368	SARDI
SBS-1A	Seed Production of creeping vigna	Dr Donald S Loch	(07) 32861488	Queensland Department of Primary Industries


 
 

3.7 PASTURE SEEDS COMPLETED PROJECTS prior to 1999-2000
PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION

Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

DAS-31A	Development of export markets for cold tolerant annual medics	Dr Ian Kaehne	(08) 8266 8333	SARDI
SED-2A	Developing management systems for European varieties of white clover for multiplication in Australia and re-export	Mr Ted Higgs	(08) 8234 9333	Seedco
SED-3A	Development of Four Fodder Legume Seed Species for Export	Dr Ross Downes	(08) 8234 9333	Seedco
SED-8A	Development of varieties of six species of fodder legumes for sowing seed and hay export	Dr Ross Downes	(08) 8234 9333	Seedco
DAW-50A	Development of alternative pasture legumes for use in medium rainfall agricultural regions with untapped subsurface water, and to enhance product range in the seed and rhizobial inoculant export markets	Dr S J Carr	(08) 9368 3870	CLIMA

Availability of Technical and Economic Information

KDI-7A	Pasture establishment and management publication	Mark Casey	(08) 9478 3343	Kondinin Group
DAN-75A	Lucerne seed check: a management support system approach to improving lucerne seed profitability	RB Walker	(02) 6391 3174	NSW Agriculture
DAV-57A	Development of rapid biochemical methods for the identification of medic cultivars	M Mebalds & J Woodward	(03) 210 9226	Agriculture Victoria
DAN-76A	Developing an agronomic package to maximise profitability of sub clover seed crops	Jim Virgona	(02) 6938 1999	NSW Agriculture
DAW-60A	On farm evaluation of the adaptation, distribution and potential value of lucerne in WA	Roy Latta	(08) 9821 1755	Agriculture WA
UA-24A	Survey to determine demand factors in pasture legume seed usage in Australia	P G Tow	(08) 8303 7857	University of Adelaide

Improved Production Efficiency

DAV-94A	Management of phytophthora root rot in subterranean clover for a viable pasture seeds industry	Dr Ramex Aldaoud, Wendy Guppy, Dr Sze Flett, Tony Cook	(03) 5833 5222	Agriculture Victoria
US-75A	Occurrence and severity of ‘lucerne yellows disease in lucerne seed crops	Dr Geoff Gurr	(02) 6369 5551	Orange Agricultural College
CMS-1A	Strategies to successfully establish and manage a productive dryland lucerne stand	M Stanley & R Christinat	(08) 8755 1295	Crop Monitoring Services
UA-27A	Herbicide failure and the need for integrated weed management in legume pasture seed crops	Stephen Powles	(08) 8303 7237	University of Adelaide
DAW-36A	Developing effective rhizobial inoculants for lucerne in WA	Pedro Evans	(08) 9821 3343	Agriculture WA
DAS-33A	Control of Rhizoctonia Burr Rot of subterranean clover	Alan Dube	(08) 8226 1877	SARDI
ARM-1A	Review of weed control in lucerne, medic and sub clover seed crops	Charles Kidd	(08) 8842 3591	Australian Rural Management Services Pty Ltd
DAS-32A	Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV) survey in Lucerne and Medic Seed and development rapid tests	Evita Alberts	(08) 8372 2349	PIRSA

Support Industry Quality Assurance & Self Regulation

SED-6A

Alternative seed certification schemes in Europe and USA for adoption in Australia

Max Jongebloed

(08) 8231 6675

Seedco


 

Availability of Technical and Economic Information
 

Project Title	A Study of the costs of production of lucerne, medic and clover seeds
RIRDC Project No.:	HAS-5A
Researcher:	Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd
Organisation:	Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd GPO Box 4625, Sydney, NSW, 1044
Phone:	02-9241-5655
Fax:	02-9241-5684
Objectives	· To provide an overview of the industry, analyse the costs of production, identify the role of environmental regulation and identify future research priorities for the industry.
Background	The production of temperate pasture seeds in Australia is diverse. In addition, the pasture seed industry within Australia has also been subject to significant changes in recent years. Detailed information is not available on the costs of production, assembly and distribution. This information is essential for providing some benchmarks to allow individual growers to gauge their performance and also to guide future directions for research and development (R&D).
Research	This report was developed from available literature, the views of industry representatives and the results of a survey of forty pasture seed producers across Australia. Costs of production were analysed by species, State and by production method (irrigation vs dryland).
Outcomes	A) Profile: The annual value of production for temperate legume pasture seeds in 1999 was estimated to be $28 million. Production is highest in SA, then Victoria, NSW and WA. There are about 640 certified producers in these four States. B) Annual costs of production: ranged from $386/ha (medics) to $661/ha (lucerne). Costs were lowest in WA. Key cost components were irrigation (where relevant), growing and harvesting costs.  C) Environmental Regulation: none specific to pasture seed producers. Priority environmental issues included: minimising soil damage from harvesting, developing integrated management models, minimising inputs of pesticides and improving water use efficiencies.  D) Priorities for future research: improving efficiency and effectiveness of chemicals, improving harvest technology, decreasing seed testing and certification costs, and researching new marketing opportunities for products.
Implications	This project provides a basis for future R&D as well as providing data that can be used by producers in benchmarking their costs of production.
Publications	Hassall & Associates (1999) A study of the costs of production of lucerne, medic and clover seed in Australia, Full report and Short Report, prepared for RIRDC

Environmental Issues for Industry
 

Project Title	Improved handling of chaffy grass seeds
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-148A
Researcher:	Dr Donald S. Loch
Organisation:	Queensland Department of Primary Industries Redlands Research Station PO Box 327 CLEVELAND Q 4163
Phone:	(07) 3286 1488
Fax:	(07) 3286 3094
Email	lochd@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	· to identify, develop and validate commercially the best available technology for removing chaffy appendages from seeds of important Australian native and exotic grasses · to study the establishment characteristics of treated and untreated seeds; · to investigate possible enhancement of establishment using new polymer seed coatings applied to seeds after treatment to remove chaffy appendages; and; and · to encourage rapid commercial adoption of appropriate seed treatment and coating technology proven through research on the previous objectives.
Background	A number of useful pasture and amenity grasses seeds (both native and exotic) have ‘chaffy’ seeds, referring to the fluffy appearance due to various appendages (awns, sterile spikelets, surface hairs and bristles). En masse, chaffy seeds are light and bulky, and do not flow freely because the appendages on individual seed units readily become entangled. This adds to costs of seed harvesting, cleaning, testing, storage and transport; and the individual seeds cannot be sown uniformly through conventional seeders.
Research	A functional classification (based on the complexity of dispersal units and the chaffy appendages present) was developed, and the roles of the different appendages were investigated to ensure that their removal did not detrimentally affect establishment. Initial trials with the US-designed Woodward Chaffy Seed Conditioning System (based on aerodynamic principles) highlighted its limited capacity. The effects of available and experimental seed coating formulations, with or without various additives, were investigated in four field experiments in two regions with strong contrasts in both climatic and soil conditions.
Outcomes	Trimming of the normal chaffy seed units is generally preferable to the complete removal of caryopses, especially where these are tightly held within the surrounding floral husk. Naked caryopses germinate more rapidly and more completely at lower moisture levels than with the husk intact, and the different species varied in their response to soil moisture. Processing of Themeda triandra seed was directed at removing long straws, leaving the awns and chaff largely intact partly to enhance establishment (via the awns and a greater amount of organic material to maintain better moisture around the seed) and partly for marketing purposes. A continuous feed system and a higher capacity pre-cleaner were designed and constructed to increase processing capacity of the Woodward System. Heavy seed coating treatments delayed germination and were detrimental to field establishment. A nutrient-coating treatment was also highly damaging to the seed.
Implications	Leaving protective husks around the caryopses reduces the risk of physical damage during processing and improves the reliability of field establishment under marginal moisture conditions where naked caryopses germinate more readily. Some species (e.g. Themeda triandra) require very moist conditions before germination can take place, while others (e.g. Bothriochloa bladhii cv. Swann) are able to germinate in much drier soil. A performance evaluation of the modified aerodynamic chaffy seed conditioner measured its throughput capacity at 97 kg/hr (more than three times the original capacity). The best seed coating treatment (incorporating a new systemic insecticide) consistently increased numbers of established plant numbers – more than double plant populations recorded from the control and the 13 other coating treatments.
Publications	Bedane, G.M. (1998) Processing of chaffy grass seeds using an aerodynamic seed conditioner. M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Queensland. Bedane, G.M., Gupta, M.L. and Loch, D.S. (1996) Processing of chaffy grass seeds. Agricultural Engineering Australia, 25(3), 93. Bedane, G., Gupta, M.L. and Loch, D.S. (1998) Processing of chaffy grass seeds using an aerodynamic seed conditioner. Australian Agricultural Engineering Conference (Abstract). Jensen, T.A., McGahan, E.J. and Loch, D.S. (1996) Development of a hand-held grass seed harvester. In: Bellairs, S.M. and Osborne, J.M. (eds.) Proceedings of the Second Australian Workshop on Native Seed Biology for Revegetation, Newcastle, NSW (11-12 October 1996). Australian Centre for Minesite Rehabilitation, Kenmore, Australia, pp. 213-216. Loch, D.S. (1993) Improved handling of chaffy grass seeds: options, opportunities and value. Tropical Grasslands 27, 314-326. Loch, D.S. (1996) Limitations on production of high quality native grass seed. In: Bellairs, S.M. and Marris, J.M. (eds.) Proceedings of Workshop on Native Species Establishment on Mined Lands in Queensland (8-10 November 1995). Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia, pp. 40-50. Loch, D.S. (1996) Harvesting, processing and marketing of native grass seeds - developing a new Australian industry? The Growing Idea (Autumn 1996), p. 7. Loch, D.S. and Clark, M. (1996) Production, harvesting and processing of native grass and herbaceous legume sees: the reality and the challenge. In: Waters, C.M. and Noad, W. (eds.) Proceedings of the Native Grass and Legume Seed Industry Workshop, Roma, Queensland, Australia (26-27 March 1996), pp. 29-50. Loch, D.S. and Harvey, G.L. (1995) Processing chaffy grass seeds for improved handling. Proceedings of the 3rd International Herbage Seed Conference, Halle, Germany, pp. 408-412. Loch, D.S. and Harvey, G.L. (1995) Processing chaffy grass seeds for improved handling. Journal of Applied Seed Production13, 74. (Abstract - Third International Herbage Seed Conference). Loch, D.S., Harvey, G.L. and Cole, J.P. (1994) Seed production of kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) - preliminary studies. In: Bellairs, S.M. and Bell, L.C. (eds.) Proceedings of National Workshop on Native Seed Biology for Revegetation (24-26 August 1994). Australian Centre for Minesite Rehabilitation & WA Chamber of Mines and Energy, Perth, Australia, pp. 118-122. Loch, D.S., Johnston, P.W., Jensen, T.A. and Harvey, G.L. (1994) Harvesting, processing and marketing of native grass seeds - developing a new Australian industry? In: Bellairs, S.M. and Bell, L.C. (eds.) Proceedings of National Workshop on Native Seed Biology for Revegetation (24-26 August 1994). Australian Centre for Minesite Rehabilitation & WA Chamber of Mines and Energy, Perth, Australia, pp. 87-91. Loch, D.S., Johnston, P.W., Jensen, T.A. and Harvey, G.L. (1995) Harvesting and processing seeds of Australian native grasses. Proceedings of the Second Australasian Perennial Grass Workshop, Launceston, Tasmania (17-19 October 1995). pp. 240-251. Loch, D.S., Johnston, P.W., Jensen, T.A. and Harvey, G.L. (1996) Harvesting, processing and marketing Australian native grass seeds. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 591-599. Loch, D.S. and Whalley, R.D.B. (1997) Native grassland rehabilitation: the place of provenance seed. In: Proceedings of the First Workshop of the Australian Native Grass and Legume Seed Association, Brisbane, Queensland (22 September 1997), pp. 59-69. Paterson, M. (1996) Germination characteristics of grass species for site rehabilitation. Postgraduate B.Sc. (Hons.) Thesis, Department of Botany, University of Queensland. Truong, P., Patterson, M., Loch, D. and Borschmann, G. (1997) The use of surface mulch in the establishment of kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra). In: Proceedings of the First Workshop of the Australian Native Grass and Legume Seed Association, Brisbane, Queensland (22 September 1997), pp. 77-91. Waters, C.M. Loch, D.S. and Johnston, P.W. (1997) Role of native grasses and legumes for land revegetation in central and eastern Australia with particular reference to low rainfall areas. Tropical Grasslands 31, 304-310.

Export and Import Replacement Opportunities
 
 

Project Title	Development of a bacterial wilt test to facilitate the export of lucerne seed
RIRDC Project No.:	SAR-10A
Researcher:	Dr. Kathy Ophel Keller
Organisation:	Field Crops Pathology Unit, South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)
Phone:	08 8303 9368
Fax:	08 8303 9393
Objectives	· A specific and rapid detection assay for bacterial wilt of lucerne will be developed.
Background	The lucerne seed industry has a total value of $8 to $10 million pa. All countries importing lucerne seed require declarations of freedom from bacterial wilt. Bacterial wilt of lucerne is caused by Clavibacter michiganense subsp. insidiosus (Cmi). Existing methods of detecting the pathogen are unreliable because they are based on plating of bacteria and subsequent visual examination of bacterial colonies. The bacterium is very difficult to isolate on growth media. A test was required which would be more sensitive and reliable and did not require plating.
Research	The research project has developed an ELISA-based detection for Clavibacter michiganense subsp. insidiosus, (Cmi), the causal agent of Bacterial Wilt in lucerne, in seed.
Outcomes	The availability of a test for bacterial wilt will facilitate export of lucerne seed. The test developed in this project will be tested against other methods of bacterial wilt detection as part of an International Seed Health Initiative aimed at standardisation of seed testing  internationally.
Implications	Availability of the test and acceptance of the test by the International Seed Testing Association will facilitate lucerne seed export.
Publications	International Seed Testing Association/ International Seed Health Initiative Comparative Test Plan: Bacterial Wilt of Lucerne. Published on ISTA Web Site.


 
 

Project Title	Seed production of creeping vigna
RIRDC Project No.:	SBS-1A
Researcher:	Dr Donald S. Loch
Organisation:	Queensland Department of Primary Industries Redlands Research Station PO Box 327 CLEVELAND Q 4163
Phone:	(07) 3286 1488
Fax:	(07) 3286 3094
Email	lochd@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	In relation to Vigna parkeri, · to document development and seed production of seed crops; · to determine environmental factors controlling flowering, and to explore possible manipulation of flowering in seed crops; · to develop appropriate commercial seed production strategies and methods, including defoliation and irrigation practices and herbicide use; · to enhance field establishment by developing effective methods for reducing hardseededness; and · to evaluate seed production characteristics of Vigna germplasm approaching release.
Background	Vigna parkeri (creeping vigna), a cool-growing highland tropical legume from East Africa, is well adapted to the humid Australian subtropics (>1100 mm rainfall annually). Its growth habit - combining a stoloniferous mat with twining lateral ‘vines’ - ensures that it is very persistent under heavy grazing, and allows it to form stable and productive mixed pastures with a range of grasses including strongly competitive species such as kikuyu, setaria and signal grass. The cv. Shaw (released in 1984) is recognised as the premier summer legume for dairy pastures in coastal southern Queensland and northern NSW, but its widespread commercial use is constrained by seed availability.
Research	The pattern of vegetative and reproductive development, and the progressive production and loss of seed in a commercial crop of cv. Shaw were recorded. The effects of daylength and moisture stress on flowering were investigated in controlled environment experiments. Pre- and post-emergence herbicides (for selective control of broadleaf and grass weeds) were screened in glasshouse and field experiments. The effectiveness and reliability of different methods of reducing hard seed levels were assessed. Seed production characteristics of promising new Vigna accessions were assessed under nursery conditions
Outcomes	‘Shaw’ did not respond to short-day conditions under controlled environment conditions, and both high temperatures and moisture stress were detrimental to plant growth. The safest herbicides for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds are the imidizolinones (imazethapyr, imazaquin), bentazone, acifluorfen and flumetsulam, but there is the risk of some stunting of V. parkeri seedlings. The strategic use of selective grass herbicides at sub-lethal rates in late summer/early autumn was investigated to manipulate the level of the grass component in mixed swards for maximum seed production potential. In wet years, Colletotrichum and Rhizoctonia spp. can devastate maturing seed crops. Hot water treatment (20 minutes at 70°C) was the most effective means of reducing hard seed levels.
Implications	V. parkeri is best grown for seed mixed with a grass (e.g. Pennisetum clandestinum), which can be slowed down by a sub-lethal dose of herbicide (haloxyfop, sethoxydim, etc) in January to provide a strong leafy canopy for flowering. It should not be cut back during the heat of summer, and requires good soil moisture throughout the growing season to develop a strong vegetative framework prior to flowering in February-March. Flowering in cv. Shaw appears to be triggered by a significant rainfall event once the temperature falls consistently below a temperature threshold, though the field behaviour of a second blue-flowered line (CPI 100846) is suggestive of a short-day response.
Publications	Wade, J. (1999) Optimising the conditions for growth and reproductive development of Vigna parkeri, a sub-tropical legume. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, Department of Botany, University of Queensland. 30 pp.

Completed Projects - prior to 1999-2000

Export and Import Replacement Opportunities
 
 

Project Title	Development of export markets for cold-tolerant annual medics
RIRDC Project No.:	DAS-31A
Researcher:	Dr Ian Kaehne
Organisation:	Northfield Research Laboratories GPO Box 1671 ADELAIDE SA 5001
Phone:	08 8266 8333
Fax:	08 8261 4688
Objectives	To develop export markets for cold-tolerant annual medics by:   · further demonstrating that cold-tolerant cultivars with export potential can be economically grown in Australia · consolidating and servicing an established overseas network of collaborators who are testing the adaptation of cold-tolerant medics in target countries · supporting product development and encouraging evaluation of farming systems for using medics in target countries · developing those procedures which will achieve further product improvement.
Background	Annual medics were developed in southern Australia for use in pastures and in ley farming systems in conjunction with cereal crops. Since the 1970s, this practice has also been advocated in the Mediterranean and Western Asian regions of the Old World and, as a result, significant quantities of Australian medic seed has been exported to these regions. Most Australian medic cultivars have been developed from naturalised introductions or by screening accessions from overseas, and all have been developed in the Mediterranean type environment of southern Australia. In export destinations, except for certain areas, the lowest extremes of winter temperatures are generally lower than in southern Australia. In these areas having colder winters Australian cultivars often failed because they were killed or severely damaged by frost. Consequently, in the early 1980s the export of Australia cultivators contracted as customers found that they were poorly adapted to frost-prone areas. The redevelopment of the export industry therefore required the identification of genotypes of annual medics which were adapted to the frost regimes which would be expected in target areas, and which also would have seed yielding capability so that they could be produced economically for export.
Research	In Australia sites were established at Mallala and Yongala in SA, to determine levels of seed production and the grazing tolerance of the various cultivators and lines selected for evaluation. Mallala is a centre for medic seed production, and Yongala is a potential centre but is sometimes subject to severe frosts. From 1991 to 1993 various lines and check cultivators were also evaluated at La Fage in southern France, and at Tulake in northern California, USA. Attempts to evaluate material in north Africa were frustrated by drought (morocco), and civil unrest (muslim fundamentalism,in Algeria).
Outcomes	As a result of testing both in Australia and overseas, a short list of thirteen genotypes from five species of Medicago have been chosen for further commercial assessment by the commercial partner, Seedco. Three of the species have not previously been advanced for commercial consideration in Australia.
Implications	There is strong commercial interest in this project from around the world. It is difficult to predict what the demand for seed will be, but a realistic estimate is 1000 tonnes per annum for markets not currently supplied with Australian cultivators. One of the strong features of this project has been the close involvement of the commercial partner, Seedco who bring considerable experience in developing export markets.


 
 
 

Project Title	Developing management systems for European varieties of white clover for multiplication in Australia and re-export
RIRDC Project No.:	SED-2A
Researcher:	Mr Ted Higgs
Organisation:	SEEDCO 78 Burbridge Road HILTON, SA 5033
Phone:	08 8234 9333
Fax:	08 8234 6133
Objectives	Multiply European vanities of white clover for export by: · identifying the optimum varieties suitable for multiplication in Australia · developing optimal management systems for these species.
Background	White clover seed production in Australia increased following the registration of the cultivar Haifa in March 1971, and has been concentrated in the south east district of South Australia and adjacent Western Victoria. Haifa has been the dominant cultivar grown for seed. Attempts to cultivate other species have not been very successful.
Research	An overview of the industry was prepared and three experiments were conducted. Experiment one compared Haifa and Huia species, also Aran, Karina, Zaoican and Grasslands Kopu were considered. Experiment two considered the species Tamar, Lune de Mai, and Crau. Experiment three gave specific regard to vernalisation and its impact on inflorescences.
Outcomes	Haifa outperformed all other species. The lower success rate of these other species is proportional to the degree that the species vary from Haifa particularly in their adaptation to high latitudes and low winter temperatures.


 

Project Title	Development of Four Fodder Legume Seed Species for Export
RIRDC Project No.:	SED-3A
Researcher:	Dr Ross W Downes
Organisation:	SEEDCO 78 Burbridge Rd HILTON SA 5033
Phone:	08 8234 9333
Fax:	08 8234 6133
Objectives	· To develop suitable varieties of fodder legumes so that seed can be produced in Australia for export as sowing-seed.
Background	In this program, varieties of species important in Europe have been modified so that high yields of quality seed can be produced by Australian seed-growers with minimal use of chemical sprays. The disease-resistant varieties that have been developed can also be used by Australian farmers interested in exporting quality hay to Asian markets.
Research	The four species of fodder crops are: Trifolium alexandrinum (berseem clover), T. resupinatum (Persian clover), Vicia villosa (woolly-pod vetch) and V .sativa (common vetch). The research approach varied with species, but involved hybridisation, various forms of selection and progeny testing, and evaluation. Much of the research was conducted on commercial seed farms to ensure that the varieties produced are well adapted to the seed-growing environment.
Outcomes	For Persian clover, two varieties, ‘Laser’ and ‘Leeton’, from this program are in commercial production. They have high yields of seed and are rust-resistant so that fungicides are not required. For the other three species, seeds have been sown for increase so that varieties will be released for commercial use in 1995 and 1996.

Project Title	Development of varieties of six species of fodder legumes for sowing-seed and hay export
RIRDC Project No.:	SED-8A
Researcher:	Dr Ross W Downes
Organisation:	Seedco 78 Burbridge Rd HILTON SA 5033
Phone:	08 82349333
Fax:	08 82346133
Objectives	· To modify selected fodder species in order to enhance seed yield and forage production for improved export potential.
Background	Tall-growing annual fodder legumes have a long history of use in  Europe for green manure, silage and hay. In Australia they have found little acceptance in contrast to the prostrate annual legumes such as sub clover and medics used for grazing. When opportunities to export quality sowing-seed to the EU arose, Australia could provide quality through seed certification schemes but not the high seed yielding varieties of fodder legumes. This program was designed to produce the required varieties for seed export with emphasis on seed yield and disease resistance under Australian farm conditions to make the varieties competitive and requiring minimal chemical inputs to seed production. At the same time, changes in the prosperity of Australian farming systems have suggested a place for fodder legumes for hay production and in crop rotations on Australian farms.
Research	Following market research, six species were selected for modification. The aim was to increase their seed production in the southern Australian winter rainfall environment by adapting the crops’ growth patterns to seasonal rain expectation and to increase disease resistance under these conditions. Accessions were accumulated from various sources, direct selections were made in the field, and the most appropriate stocks were identified. Recombination was achieved by manually crossing plants to produce hybrids, or by allowing recombination to be achieved by cross-pollination by bees. Plants were selected in various locations and potential varieties were compared in plots. Plants were checked for disease resistance in the field or with artificial inoculation in glasshouses. Varieties commercialised were sown in nurseries for description and inspection in order to obtain Plant Breeders Rights.
Outcomes	The following outcomes were achieved: · In common vetch (Vicia sativa) the varieties Vedura, Velero and  Vestar were released and requirements for Plant Breeders Rights have been completed. These varieties have high seed yield potential and differ in maturity, providing the opportunity for vetch to be grown in different rainfall zones. Two other selections, one early and one late flowering are also available for commercialisation · Two varieties of woolly-pod vetch (Vicia villosa) have also been produced. One is Capello with soft seed, while Haymaker Plus has uniform flowering and high seed yield. Both have been described for Plant Breeders Rights protection · Elite II,.a variety of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) selected for high seed yield and tolerance to Kabatiella attack has been released and PBR applied for · In persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum var majus) the varieties Laser and Leeton were selected for rust resistance and high seed yield have been described for PBR and are available commercially · A selection of arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) is performing very well in both fodder and seed production in trials and is being considered for commercialisation.  Despite intensive efforts to locate suitable types of red clover (Trifolium pratense) for seed production in a winter rainfall environment, all accessions evaluated flowered over an extended period and well into the summer. It appears that this crop not is suited for seed production in regions with winter rainfall.
Implications	The eight varieties developed, and three potential varieties of fodder legumes emerging from this program have significant potential for sowing-seed export. In addition, many of the varieties have considerable possibilities in Australia. They are being evaluated for weed control, for hay and silage production, as green manure crops in the cotton and rice industries, as cover crops for lucerne and as alternatives to grain legumes. They can increase the flexibility of farming rotations, fixing nitrogen and breaking disease cycles.


 

Project Title	Development of alternative pasture legumes for use in medium rainfall agricultural regions with untapped subsurface water, and to enhance product range in the seed and rhizobial inoculant export markets
RIRDC Project No.:	DAW-50A
Researcher:	Dr. S.J. Carr
Organisation:	Agriculture WA/CLIMA Locked Bag No. 4, BENTLEY DELIVERY CENTRE WA 6983
Phone:	(08) 9368 3870
Fax:	(08) 9367 2625
Background	The underlying concept was to identify species able to remain green for extended periods during late spring/early summer when rainfall in Mediterranean climates declines. Our assumption is that such pasture plants are able to use a higher proportion of the incident rainfall, an important consideration in decreasing the rate of secondary salinisation. Another selection criteria pertained to seed production. Historically pasture species such as sub-clover have been suction harvested in a slow, environmentally damaging and certainly non-sustainable process. We aimed to select species with high seed yielding capacity and that does not require suction harvesting.
Research	The research conducted was split between standard field evaluation of known pasture plants (e.g. crimson clover) used in Mediterranean regions, and more basic research to identify new species with the attributes we considered desirable (e.g. Biserrula pelecinus). In meeting the selection criteria we had set, we concluded the plant ideotypes we were targeting were generally more suited to ‘cut and carry’ types rather than regenerating farming rotational pasture species. Hence, we were not constrained by attempting to fit in with parameters such as conventional hard seed levels.
Outcomes	Three new pasture legumes (Trifolium vesiculosum cv Cefalu; Trifolium incarnatum cv Caprera and Biserrula pelecinus cv Casbah) and a specific rhizobial inoculant for each cultivar were commercialised during the final stages of this research program, and the commencement of a related fodder project (UWA-30). Several other species with commercial prospects were also identified, and are subject to further evaluation.
Implications	The transition of these three new pasture legumes into commerce has recently commenced. Unlike new varieties of standard pasture species like subterranean clover which blend immediately into current management systems, these new products require additional support. The ultimate success in increasing the profitability and sustainability of agriculture in Mediterranean regions will rely heavily on appropriate developmental support from government, seed industry representatives and private agronomists.

Availability of Technical and Economic Information
 

Project Title	Pasture establishment and management publication
RIRDC Project No.:	KDI-7A
Researcher:	Mark Casey
Organisation:	Kondinin Group 177 Great Eastern Highway BELMONT WA 6104
Phone:	09 478 3343
Fax:	09 478 3353
Objectives	To survey farmers on their current pasture practises · To collate information on innovative methods of pasture establishment, renovation and management · To publish a 300-400 page manual on the topic
Background	Pastures are an integral part of Australian farming, and considerable research in directed at solving various pasture problems. New establishment and management strategies are being adopted by farmers, but much of the information resulting from pasture research does not effectively reach the farmer. Surveys have shown that younger farmers particularly, do not have the knowledge on pasture issues that their fathers had. This has lead to a general failure to maintain soil fertility levels under pastures, and to inadequate control of pests and diseases; a failure to replace pastures which have degenerated; and, a failure to adopt sustainable grazing practices. The publication resulting material (case studies on successful practices etc) was produced as a pasture manual.
Research	Following surveys of farmer practices in relation to pasture establishment and management, topics were identified on which contributions could be made by pasture experts in the various fields being considered. The resulting material, (case studies on successful practices etc) was produced as a pasture manual.
Outcomes	This project has resulted in a high quality book of some 435 pages which has been well accepted by the farming community.
Implications	This book provides, in easily accessible format, all the information which is needed for farmers to establish and maintain pastures in all the temperate regions of Australia. Its use should result in more profitable animal production, and the improvement of crop yields (particularly of grain crops). The information provided should allow the better establishment and management of a wide range of pasture types, and should arrest the decline in general knowledge of pastures which is currently so clearly lacking in younger farmers.


 

Project Title	Lucerne seed check: a management support system approach to improving lucerne seed profitability
RIRDC Project No.:	DAN-75A
Researcher:	R B Walker
Organisation:	NSW Agriculture 161 Kite Street ORANGE NSW 2800
Phone:	063 913 174
Fax:	063 913 605
Objectives	· To increase the rolling average of lucerne seed yield in the Lachlan Valley.
Background	A potential existed to expand existing markets for lucerne seed at a state, national and international level. By accelerating the adoption of seed production technology, growers would be able to increase seed yields through the efficient use of inputs, improving the long term prospects of the industry in the Lachlan Valley and making a valuable contribution to the New South Wales economy.
Research	Through consultation with seed growers a management support system was developed encompassing current technology providing management targets to achieving maximum economic seed yields. A paddock recording diary of key checkpoints was also developed. During the term of the project growers were expected to utilise the accompanying resource information compiled as an aid in making their management decisions. They were also encouraged to monitor their crops regularly, recording details of field observations, inputs and outputs in the recording diary. At key checkpoints, grower were expected to participate in group field inspections and workshops. With the aid of visiting specialists and members of the team, growers were assisted in meeting crop management targets in line with the established checkpoint approach. Seed growers were also encouraged to have an input into the progress of the project. Participating growers were assembled at the end of each season to discuss the results and reasons for varying seed yield and crop profitability. Opinions would also be sought on the format of paddock recording diaries. When undertaking scheduled field observations seed growers were asked to record data and management strategies for analysis at the end of each year.
Implications	The project has resulted in better insect management by growers. A change in the insecticides used and their pattern of use has led to savings to growers whilst reducing the impact on beneficial insects and pollinating honey bees. Tentative economic thresholds and a method of monitoring seed crops has been established. An outcome of the project is the acknowledgment by growers that plant densities of 15-20 plants per square metre is most desirable in the Lachlan Valley when establishing lucerne specifically for seed production. More than 60% of growers now undertake both winter and spring weed control programs and are able to correctly identify weeds. Seedgrowers now also have a better understanding of crop pollination and pollinating honey bees. A "Water Watch" service has been established and is supported by a resource information booklet compiled by the team. The adoption of the use of the "Water Watch" service, improved irrigation management techniques and the fostering of a commercially available Neutron probe irrigation scheduling service has been an important outcome of the project. Growers understand that to harvest quality seed a lucerne seed crop needs to be free of weeds and sufficiently mature before commencing seed harvest. Failure to have a crop in the correct condition at harvest may lead to increased mechanical damage of seed which reflects on the quality of seed placed on the market. A major achievement of the project has been the acceptance by seedgrowers that most factors contributing to achieving high yields are controllable.

Project Title	Development of rapid biochemical methods for the identification of medic cultivars
RIRDC Project No.:	DAV-57A
Researcher:	Martin Mebalds & James Woodward
Organisation:	Institute of Horticultural Development  Private Bag 15  SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176
Phone:	03 210 9226
Fax:	03 800 3521
Objectives	· To develop electrophoretic ‘finger-prints’ capable of differentiating between ‘look-a-like’ cultivars of annual medics.
Background	Some of the newer and superior cultivars of annual medics are morphologically indistinguishable from older, agronomically different cultivars. If the benefits conferred to pastoral industries through development of these elite cultivars are to be exploited and sustained, then methods need to be developed for distinguishing between these ‘look-a-likes’ The aim of this research has been to develop electrophoretic ‘finger-prints’ to distinguish between cultivars. The procedure should be rapid, inexpensive, and lend themselves to automation. The technology should benefit the producer, and ultimately, the pastoralist end user of the seed, by the ease and cost effectiveness with which the ‘finger-prints’ might be generated. The maxim caveat emptor will always be with us, but seed certification and the ability, when necessary, to quickly identify seed will afford considerable protection to the buyer.
Research	Electrophoretic tests were developed for a range of cultivars of annual medics.
Outcomes	Successful tests were developed for a distinguishing cultivars of annual medics in eight different mixtures, each containing two cultivars. An illustrated manual outlining the procedures for electrophoretic identification of these major cultivars has been produced.
Implications	Those concerned with the need to identify morphologically indistinguishable cultivars of annual medics, now have a reliable, established technique for doing so biochemically. A manual describing the procedures is available for their use. Application of this technology in seed certification procedures will extend the useful number of years paddock may be used in the production of certified medic seed.
Publications	Woodward, J. Electrophoresis Manual to assist in Annual Medic Mebalds, M.I (Medicago sp.) Seed Identification (1993) Department of Agriculture Victoria


 
 

Project Title	Developing an agronomic package to maximise profitability of sub clover seed crops
RIRDC Project No.:	DAN-76A
Researcher:	Dr Jim Virgona
Organisation:	NSW Agriculture Agricultural Research Institute WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2550
Phone:	069 381 999
Fax:	069 230 809
Objectives	To identify key agronomic and management factors limiting seed yield in subterranean (sub)clover seed crops; · To devise and implement a management package to assist growers in maximising yield and profitability · To identify priorities of future R&D into sub clover seed production · To collate and summarise existing knowledge on sub clover seed production as a basis for recommendations
Background	Sub clover is the predominant legume component of pastures in southern Australia. The production of quality seed is vital to its success as a component of pastures and to the introduction of new superior cultivars. Australia grows all its sub clover seed and even exports a small amount.  However, the sub clover seed industry is relatively small and technological problems encountered by growers have rarely been addressed. Yields vary widely within the industry (in NSW from 200-1000 kg/ha) and the reasons for this are not clear. Moreover, yields are far below those in experimental plots which are harvested by hand rather than the commercial suction harvester. The problem then is one of highly variable yields which, in many cases, means only marginal returns. In addition it is thought that there is also potential for increasing yield amongst the better growers (ie there is a considerable gap between yields in experimental plots and those of the leading farmers).
Research	The research strategy for this project has been to monitor crops newly sown in 1992. For each crop all relevant management data has been recorded. In addition, sampling sites have been established in each paddock and monitored for plant population, weed population, soil conditions (phosphorus, pH, Al and Mn) and yield components. The data was analysed to determine the management factors associated with more profitable yields and crop characteristics that are related to high crop yield.
Outcomes	Soil phosphate was generally at levels known to be limiting for sub clover production. Herbicides were frequently used, but not necessarily achieving long term weed control.  In the establishment year sowing rate and red legged earth mite control were the two most important factors explaining differences in potential yield between seed growers. In the two regenerating years, a suite of factors were implicated by aspects of weed control, current and historical, and cultivar were the common factors influencing yield in these years.
Implications	The use of fertiliser should be increased to ensure crops are grown at optimal levels of soil phosphate. This simple message needs to be addressed by both producers and their advisers. Likewise, in the year of establishment growers should use a sowing rate that will achieve at least 200 plant/m2 and carefully control red legged earth mite. Future research should concentrate on weed control. Two areas should be addressed: · effective use of herbicides, including examining the suitability of new herbicides under commercial conditions and examining weed thresholds  · cropping systems research - the use of break crops eg cereal/canola to increase the weed control options after (for example) two years of seed production.

Project Title	On farm evaluation of the adaptation, distribution and potential value of lucerne in Western Australia
RIRDC Project No.:	DAW-60A
Researcher:	Roy Latta
Organisation:	Agriculture Western Australia KATANNING WA. 6317
Phone:	(08) 9821 1755
Fax:	(08) 9821 1127
Objectives	· To develop the lucerne seed industry by increasing area sown to lucerne in Western Australia.
Background	Lucerne has the potential to improve agricultural productivity and sustainability in Western Australia through filling the summer-autumn feed gap, improving the legume component of pastures, lowering water tables and controlling dryland salinity. The identification and release of the improved Rhizobia strain (WSM826) through RIRDC project DAW-36A will increase the area sown from 8000 ha’s (ABS, 1994) to at least 100,000 ha’s by 2000.
Research	The study looked at lucerne persistence and production with alternative Rhizobia strains. It compared the plant density and biomass of 7 Rhizobia strains applied to several lucerne cultivars of different growth activity ratings. The experiment was established at Pingrup in 1994. The biomass production for 1996 and remaining plant density were measured. Experiments at Katanning and Jerramungup also compared lucerne cultivar persistence and production.
Outcomes	Two years after the Pingrup experiment was established there was no difference in annual pasture production irrespective of Rhizobia strain applied or cultivar sown. The highly winter active cultivar Sceptre had a higher plant density than all other cultivars. At Katanning and Jerramungup the highly winter active cultivars Sceptre and Quadrella produced more biomass over the winter than the winter dormant cultivars, Cimmarron, Prime and P581 but persistence was similar across cultivars.
Implications	The findings from the study provided information for current industry recommendations which include:  · Sow highly winter active cultivars · Inoculate with commercial Rhizobia strain WSM 826
Extension	Recommendations on cultivars and inoculation are made annually through The Western Australian Lucerne Growers newsletter, Agriculture WA Farmnotes, field days and the rural media. The estimated sowing of 20,000 ha’s of lucerne in 1997 is testimony to the success of this and collaborative projects.


 

Project Title	Survey to determine demand factors in pasture legume seed usage in Australia
RIRDC Project No.:	UA-24A
Researcher:	Dr P G Tow
Organisation:	Department of Agronomy and Farming Systems University of Adelaide  Roseworthy Campus  ROSEWORTHY SA 5371
Phone:	08 303 7857
Fax:	085 248 065
Objectives	To develop a survey that would assist in developing a marketing strategy to increase the use of pasture legume seeds. The main objectives were to determine: · major roles of permanent and ley pastures · farmer practices with respect to pasture species use, source of seed and resowing of pastures · future intentions regarding the use of pastures on the farm and sources of seed · farmer opinion on improvements thought desirable in the management of their pastures needs for improvements in pasture legume cultivars sources of information used for decisions on pastures
Background	At the Seed Industry Research Workshop in October 1990 it was agreed that the slow growth in sales of pasture legume seed in Australia was poorly understood. Furthermore, there is little feedback from seed users on the characteristics they require in pasture legume cultivars or the information they need to assist in pasture establishment and management. It was agreed that there is a need for the seeds industry to be more ‘market-led’ and less ‘producer-driven’.
Research	A questionnaire was distributed in all areas where annual medics, subterranean clovers or lucerne are sown, in rotation with crops (ley pastures). Such areas, in total, correspond closely to the Australian cereal belt as far north as southern Queensland. Because some parts of farms may be permanently under pasture due to soil type or topography, questions on both permanent and ley pastures were included in the questionnaire.
Outcomes	It was found that about 90% of respondents had more that 10 years experience in growing cereal grain; and that about 26% of respondents used private consultants to obtain further information about pastures. The overall impression was that pastures are an important part of most cereal grower's farm systems. The survey predicts that the great majority will continue to grow legume pastures to feed livestock and improve soil nitrogen.
Implications	There are differences between states which should be taken into account when planning future surveys and regional surveys may be necessary due to the low number of replies from each region. Information needed to develop a program for pasture improvement and a strategy for seed marketing includes: · the current state of pastures, and use and value of pasture species · most important roles of pasture on farms · future intentions on resowing of pastures · changes in pasture area and sources of seed · the need for improved management practices and cultivars · the major sources of information on pastures All these matters have been addressed by the survey. The generally high status of state departments of agriculture needs to be taken into account regarding information, as well as the tendency for farmers to use various other sources of information (e.g. private consultants).

Improved Production Efficiency
 

Project Title	Management of phytophthora root rot in subterranean clover for a viable pasture seeds industry
RIRDC Project No.:	DAV-94A
Researcher:	Dr Ramez Aldaoud, Wendy Guppy, Dr Sze Flett, Tony Cook
Organisation:	Department of Natural Resources and Environment -  Agriculture Victoria Institute of Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture Ferguson Road,  TATURA, VIC 3616
Phone:	03 5833 5222
Fax:	03 5833 5299
Objectives	· To define the most appropriate timing for cost effective fungicide application for subclover root rot control in dryland pastures.
Background	Subterranean clover (subclover) root rot is a serious disease problem caused by the fungus P. clandestina. There are currently two methods for root rot control: (1) the use of root rot resistant subclover varieties, and (2) the application of potassium phosphonate (Foli-r-Fosâ ). However, disease resistance is becoming threatened due to the development of new forms (races) of the fungus which are capable of breaking down resistance. In particular, race 1, which has been isolated in Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia, is highly infectious on Trikkala, Larisa and Karridale, cultivars previously known for their high root rot resistance. This shows an urgent need to: (1) understand the range of variation this fungus has, and (2) complement resistance with other methods for disease control.
Research	A national survey, covering NSW, Vic, SA and WA was conducted during 1994 - 97 to determine the distribution of P. clandestina and its races. This fungus was found to infect 28 - 48 % of the subclover paddocks surveyed and appears to have many different races. Only four of these races are recognisable, and the majority (60 - 75 %) of them do not fit into the four known races. Distribution maps positioning where P. clandestina and its races were detected have been produced using the latest Global Positioning System (GPS) technology.  The effect of the fungicide Foli-r-Fosâ on subclover root rot in dryland pastures was also studied. Seedling counts and the first autumn break (rainfall is greater or equal to 25mm) were factors monitored to determine timing of fungicide applications. However, this study was not conclusive enough to define the most effective way of using this fungicide, an area that requires more research.
Outcomes	A resistance screening protocol was developed, incorporating both previously known races and the new races of the fungus. It is proposed breeders and pathologists use this protocol to provide industry with subclover varieties which are resistant to a wide range of P. clandestina races.  A large collection of P. clandestina was obtained during the national survey. This collection is a valuable resource for future research into this disease and its control.
Implications	· The key for making resistance in commercial cultivars more reliable and lasting for root rot control is that the resistance screening protocol is kept updated. This cannot be achieved without continuous monitoring of P. clandestina races and then incorporating the new races into the protocol. The large fungal collection ( 256 P. clandestina cultures) we have still requires grouping into races · Developing and adopting other complementary approaches (eg. chemicals and cultural best practices) for root rot control would contribute to improving the effectiveness and durability of resistant varieties and the overall control of root rot. This area requires further exploration  · Maps showed random spreads of P. clandestina and its races, which is perhaps an indication of how subclover was initially introduced and distributed around Australia. Managing resistance by means of regulating the release and use of resistant cultivars can be important in reducing disease risks due to new races and may impact positively on the longevity of resistance.


 

Project Title	Occurrence and severity of ‘lucerne yellows’ disease in lucerne seed crops
RIRDC Project No.:	US-75A
Researcher:	Dr Geoff Gurr,
Organisation:	Orange Agricultural College  The University of Sydney,  PO Box 883,  ORANGE, NSW, 2800.
Phone:	02 6360 5551
Fax:	02 6360 5590
Objectives	· To determine, by means of survey work, the occurrence and severity of ‘lucerne yellows’ disease in lucerne seed crops in Australia · To ascertain the need for further research and development investment in order to better understand the causes of this disease and to devise an appropriate control strategy.
Background	Lucerne is one of the most valuable pasture legume seed crops in Australia. Anecdotal evidence available prior to this project being undertaken suggested that lucerne yellows was an important disease of seed crops. However, such evidence related to isolated outbreaks and specific reporting incidents. No work had been undertaken to estimate the overall impact of the disease. Formal research was therefore required to determine its occurrence and severity before an appropriate response could be planned.
Research	Two surveys were conducted to determine the impact of the disease on two important sectors of the seed industry. An interview-based survey captured detailed information from eight seed house offices regarding severity of the disease in their seed crops in recent years. A second, telephone and post-based survey captured equivalent data from 62 individual growers. Reliability of information was maximised by giving all interviewees an illustrated, colour guide to the identification of lucerne yellows. In addition to the explicit objective of the original study, data was captured from New South Wales (NSW) and from South Australia (SA) in a fashion which allowed comparisons between these two major lucerne seed-growing States to determine whether they suffered different levels of disease damage.
Outcomes	The chief findings are that just 2 of the 36 growers surveyed in NSW and 4 of the 26 growers from SA had not observed the disease in their crops. The most common response to a question seeking information about how frequently symptoms had been observed was ‘every year’ in both States. In NSW the majority of growers reported the disease in all or most of their lucerne stands, whilst in SA occurrence in few or very few stands was reported as frequently. Incidence within crops was reported to be as high as 50-75 percent of plants but the majority of interviewees estimated incidence of affected plants to be lower. The vast majority of growers in both States took no action against the disease; an understandable response since neither the identity of the pathogen nor its vector(s) are known so formal control recommendations have not been available. Overall the majority of growers surveyed in both States viewed the disease as an actual or potential problem. Disease severity estimates were obtained for a total of 31 cultivars. Individual growers indicated that marked differences were evident in susceptibility of cultivars but responses were not always consistent; some growers reporting a given cultivar badly affected whilst others reporting it to be unaffected. Results were obtained from two NSW-based seed houses, two SA-based seed houses, and one with interests in both States. Eight interviews were held with different representatives of seed houses in order to capture detailed information specific to defined districts. Of the eight interviewees, all reported lucerne yellows within their crops. Indications of losses resulting from lucerne yellows included estimates of: 25 % yield loss, 50% yield loss (worth $0.5M) in 1997, losses of 10-60%, and losses of up to 90% in ‘bad’ years. Generally the frequency and severity of the disease was higher in NSW than in SA. Information on varietal susceptibility suggested that marked differences were evident though no formal screening was reported.
Implications	This project has delivered an understanding of the impact of lucerne yellows. Overall, results from seed houses support those from individual growers in showing that lucerne yellows disease occurs frequently in both NSW and SA and that its severity is such that significant economic losses are resulting. The annual loss is estimated to be $7M. It is therefore considered appropriate that further research investment be made to determine the causes of the disease and develop a cost effective and environmentally sustainable control strategy for this important seeds industry. Results are being disseminated by industry-orientated (as well as technical) publications and the Internet.

Project Title	Strategies to successfully establish and manage a productive dryland lucerne stand
RIRDC Project No.:	CMS-1A
Researcher:	Mark Stanley Raymond Chrstinat
Organisation:	Crop Monitoring Services DPI PO Box 209 PO Box 1783  KEITH SA 5267 PORT LINCOLN SA 5606
Phone:	087 551295 086 883402
Fax:	087 551713 086 883407
Objectives	· to improve the success rate of dryland lucerne establishment by demonstrating in large scale plots sound and proven technology for lucerne seedling survival · to examine alternative technology aimed at further improving the success rate of dryland lucerne establishment · to disseminate known technology for dryland lucerne establishment and management through the production of a high quality publication, field days and the use of media.
Background	Dryland lucerne stands throughout Australia suffered severely from the pasture aphid invasion in the late 1970s. In southern Australia, almost 2 million hectares of non-productive lucerne country have the potential to be resown to lucerne. Surveys conducted as early as 1970 have illustrated the difficulty of re-establishing aphid resistant lucernes on the sands of the upper south-east of South Australia. The success rate by farmers attempting to re-establish dryland lucerne stands was only 50%. The survey also revealed that the percentage of the technology presently developed and not being used (or poorly implemented) is as much as 42%.
Research	Large scale field demonstration sites were established successfully on non-wetting sand each year since 1991. Alternative technology tested to further improve the success rate of dryland lucerne establishment showed no statistical differences.
Outcomes	By applying the seven steps listed below, it was demonstrated that the first attempt at establishment will be a success. · Weed control in the year(s) prior to establishment. · Soil pH checked and lime used if below 6.5. · Inoculate seed with lucerne inoculants. · Shallow sowing of seed into a damp compact seedbed. · Monitor pests regularly and control if necessary. · If a cover crop has been sown remove it in early spring. · No grazing of seedling lucerne in its first summer. A loose leaf manual was produced in May 1994. It covers all aspects of establishing and managing a lucerne stand, with more than 80 pages of information and full colour illustrations.
Implications	Benefits are expected to flow through to the grazing industry and the small seed industry, with a positive impact on the environment, in southern Australia.
Publications	Stanley, Mark, ‘Success with Dryland Lucerne’.


 

Project Title	Herbicide failure and the need for integrated weed management in legume pasture seed crops
RIRDC Project No.:	UA-27A
Researcher:	Stephen Powles
Organisation:	The University of Adelaide Waite Campus ADELAIDE SA 5005
Phone:	088 303 7237
Fax:	088 379 4095
Objectives	· To establish the extent and degree of herbicide resistance in major weeds of legume pasture seed crops · To establish the extent of enhanced biodegradation of carbetamide · To identify alternative herbicides where enhanced degradation of carbetamide occurs
Background	The requirement for largely weed-free pasture seed crops means that seed growers are long-term users of herbicides. Frequently, the same area of land is in production for many years and the same, or similar, herbicides are used year after year. This practice invariably leads to the development of herbicide resistance in the weeds concerned. Herbicide resistance in grasses has become widespread in Australia over the last decade, particularly in seed producing regions such as the south east of South Australia. The herbicide carbetamide, although relatively expensive, has been widely used by pasture legume seed growers in the Naracoorte-Bordertown region to control ryegrass and silver grass known to be resistant to other herbicides. In recent years, however, growers have reported that carbetamide’s performance against these two grasses has been inconsistent. This study was undertaken to determine why carbetamide has not provided the level of grass control that growers have come to expect.
Research	Field and laboratory tests were undertaken to determine whether the lack of effectiveness of carbetamide against ryegrass and silver grass was due to herbicide resistance,