RIRDC Completed Projects in 1999-2000 & Research in Progress as at June 2000

3.4 Rice - Research in Progress
Project No.	Project Title	Researcher	Phone	Organisation

Varietal Improvement and Pure Seeds Maintenance

DAN-167A	Rice improvement	Mr Russell Reinke	(02) 6951 2516	NSW Agriculture
DAN-183A	Rice grain quality 3	Dr Melissa Fitzgerald	(02) 6951 2656	NSW Agriculture
UNS-12A	Flavour and texture qualities of new Australian fragrant rice cultivars	A/Prof Michael Wootton	(02) 9385 4369	University of New South Wales
USC-4A	Development and application of marker assisted selection in the rice improvement program	Prof Robert Henry	(02) 6620 3010	Southern Cross University

Crop Establishment

UQ-91A

Agronomic and molecular aspects of osmoprotectant application and cold tolerance in rice

Dr Naidu Bodapati

The University of Queensland

Agronomy/Crop Physiology

DAN-160A

Rice physiology: Maximising rice yields beyond 2000

Mr Robert Williams

(02) 6951 2679

NSW Agriculture

Crop Nutrition

DAN-175A	Relating minerals in rice shoots and grain to soil tests, yield and grain quality	Dr Graeme Batten	(02) 6951 2736	NSW Agriculture
DAN-185A	NIR for improved fertilizer predictions II	Dr Graeme Batten	(02) 6951 2736	NSW Agriculture

Crop Protection

AGR-6A	Rotational weed control practices for rice	Mr Malcolm Taylor	(03) 5872 2892	Agropraisals Pty Ltd
DAN-184A	Improving bloodworm, snail and earthworm control in rice	Dr Mark Stevens	02 6951 2611	NSW Agriculture
UCS-16A	Biology of arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis)	Prof James Pratley	(02) 6933 2864	Charles Sturt University
UCS-20A	Development of integrated weed management strategies for the rice weed Cyperus difformis and Alisma plantago-aquatica	Prof James Pratley	(02) 6933 2864	Charles Sturt University
UCS-26A	Integrated management of Alismataceae weeds to reduce herbicide resistance	Mr Farzad Jahromi	(02) 6933 2285	Charles Sturt University
UCS-25A	Determining the extent of herbicide resistance in the rice growing regions of southern Australia	Prof James Pratley	(02) 6933 2864	Charles Sturt University

Sustainable Farming Systems

DAN-161A

Identification and management of soil acidification in irrigated farming systems of southern NSW

Mr. Geoff Beecher

02 6951 2725

NSW Agriculture,

Technology Transfer and Communications

DAN-162A	Better extension programs for improved rice yields	Mr Warwick Clampett	02 6960 1317	NSW Agriculture
IRE-3A	Technology transfer for a more productive and sustainable rice farming system	Mr Nick Hutchins	(02) 6960 1550	CSIRO Irrigation Research & Extension Committee
IRE-5A	Quality rice production in South Eastern Australia	Ms Lucy Kealey	(02) 6964 5232	CSIRO Irrigation Research & Extension Committee

Varietal Improvement and Pure Seeds Maintenance
 

Project Title	Rice improvement
RIRDC Project No:	DAN-167A
Start Date:	1/07/98
Finish Date:	30/06/03
Researcher:	Mr. Russell Reinke
Organisation:	NSW Department of Agriculture Yanco Agricultural Institute PMB YANCO NSW 2703
Phone:	(02) 6951 2516
Fax:	(02) 6955 7580
Email:	Russell.Reinke@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	· To produce improved varieties of rice for the NSW industry that are productive, reliable and satisfy diverse domestic and export markets.  · To test these varieties against standard cultivars to prove their worth and to provide agronomic information to allow successful cultivation.  · To provide pure seed of all released and potential cultivars.
Current Progress	District testing during the 1999/2000 season focused on comparisons within 3 grain classes. The advanced long grain line YRL118 was tested against the current long grain Langi, advanced medium grains YRM63, YRM64 and YRM49 were tested against Amaroo, Namaga and Millin, and the advanced fragrant line YRF207 against Kyeema. Twenty-one mid-duration medium and long grain lines entered district testing for the first time, and a further 10 short-season lines were included in late-sown district trials. The long grain line YRL118 did not show a distinct yield advantage over Langi this season. Approximately 2 ha seed increase of YRL118 was sown, however this area was abandoned due to a high proportion of medium grain and other off-types within the crop. Among the medium grains, the performance of YRM63 appears promising, offering shorter maturity than Amaroo, high yield potential and acceptable grain quality. Similarly the fragrant long grain line YRF207 outyielded Kyeema, however grain quality will determine its future.  The rice improvement program was successfully advanced by one generation and pure seed produced for all commercial cultivars.


 
 

Project Title	Rice grain quality 3
RIRDC Project No:	DAN-183A
Start Date:	1/01/00
Finish Date:	31/12/04
Researcher:	Dr. Melissa Fitzgerald
Organisation:	NSW Department of Agriculture Private Mail Bag YANCO NSW 2703
Phone:	(02) 6951 2656
Fax:	(02) 6951 2719
Email:	melissa.fitzgerald@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	The project has two main goals.  · The first is to improve our capacity to evaluate the quality of cross-bred lines in the breeding program · The second is to understand the processes that operate in the developing plant that influence the expression of quality attributes.  The project will focus on understanding chalk and texture in all classes of rice, and grain extension in basmati style rices.
Current Progress	In the past 6 months, we have completed amylose measurements for over 1000 crossbred lines. Furthermore, we have developed a new, much faster, way to prepare samples for measuring amylose content. This season, for the first time, amylose content of late-generation lines was measured. Plants have been grown and seed harvested for our ongoing research into the problem of chalk. Research will continue to identify the cause of chalk. We have made progress in understanding the way starches, proteins and lipids interact during cooking. In different varieties, the amount of amylose differs that leaches from the starch granules during cooking. This plays a key role in eating quality. We are currently investigating factors that influence leaching: the amount of lipid bound to amylose; structure of amylopectin; action of proteins. A method to measure the texture of cooked rice has been developed. The method is based on measuring the texture of the gel that forms from cooked rice flour. This method is rapid, simple, extremely reproducible, and correlates with other, more difficult methods. The method is suitable for measuring the texture of all late-generation lines, so will be introduced into the Quality Evaluation Program next season.

Project Title	Flavour and texture qualities of new Australian Basmati rice cultivars
RIRDC Project No:	UNS-12A
Start Date:	1 Feb 1997
Finish Date:	28 Feb 2002
Researcher:	A/Prof Michael Wootton
Organisation:	Department of Food Science and Technology University of New South Wales
Phone:	02 9385 4369
Fax:	02 9385 5931
Email:	m.wootton@unsw.edu.au
Objectives	· Comparison of the volatile chemical entities in Australian rices with special emphasis on new Basmati types. · Definition of the effects of storage on the volatile components and textural properties of Australian Basmati rices. · Optimisation of storage times and conditions for maximum eating quality with respect to both flavour and texture. · Elucidation of the factors, anticipated as being starch related, involved in texture changes to Australian Basmati rice during storage. · Definition of the effects of nitrogen fertiliser levels on the volatile compounds in both structural tissue and grain during growth of the rice plant. · Development of an early screening method for fragrance identification in new rice cultivars using young rice plants grown in glasshouse conditions using high levels of nitrogen addition.
Current Progress	The project has been taken up by Ms Kirstin Wilkie. She is now thoroughly familiar with the techniques for volatile compound isolation from rice grain and plant tissue and is making excellent progress as indicated below. Sensory data have been collected regarding perception of fragrant rice vs non-fragrant rice flavour have been collected using a consumer sample of about 200 people of differing ages and cultural backgrounds. These data are being analysed Samples of plant tissue from three fragrant and two non-fragrant rice cultivars at different stages of development grown in field trials at Yanco and Leeton with different nitrogen fertiliser application rates were collected. Grain was also sampled from these. The samples were analysed for volatile components using  Likens-Nickerson simultaneous distillation and extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results are currently being evaluated. Protocols and facilities for glass house trials have been established to enable these to be carried out at the Kensington campus of the University of New South Wales. Research into fertiliser responses of rice plant tissue grown in glass houses will commence as soon as the analysis of the samples from field trials are completed and have been interpreted.

Project Title	Development and application of marker assisted selection in the rice improvement program
RIRDC Project No:	USC-4A
Start Date:	1/01/00
Finish Date:	31/12/02
Researcher:	Prof. Robert Henry
Organisation:	Southern Cross University Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics Faculty of Resource Science and Management PO Box 157 LISMORE NSW 2480
Phone:	(02) 6620 3010
Fax:	(02) 6622 2080
Email:	rhenry@scu.edu.au
Objective	Marker techniques will be developed for application in the rice breeding program so that screening of markers can be conducted at Yanco. Priority will be given to markers for markers for traits difficult to screen in conventional breeding. (Gelatinisation temperature and Blast resistance). Analysis of how markers could best be integrated into the breeding program will be conducted. For example, markers may be best used for specific exercises, ie. back crossing. Molecular analysis will help to ensure that released varieties are genetically uniform.
Current Progress	A technique for a simplified sample preparation for application of molecular markers, not involving extraction of DNA, has been devised. This will simplify the application of existing SSR markers for the identification of the major fragrance gene and semi-dwarf gene.  A draft report has been produced, through consultation with the rice improvement team at Yanco, which outlines current breeding strategy and objectives, outlines criteria for selection of traits for development of molecular markers, and identifies potential target traits. These traits are: additional markers for fragrance; disease resistance, particularly blast, sheath blight and bacterial blight; grain extension on cooking; predisposition to chalkiness; gelatinisation temperature; minor fragrance components; seedling vigour and early establishment; and thermo- and photo-sensitive male sterility. Some options for method of incorporation of molecular markers into the Australian rice improvement program have been considered. Applications of molecular markers, other than marker assisted selection, have been suggested. A program has been initiated to produce an additional molecular marker for the fragrance gene for previously indistinguishable parent rice lines. This involves the conversion of known RFLP markers to PCR based molecular markers. Desktop research has been initiated to assess the suitability of the identified potential target traits for development and application of markers assisted selection.

Crop Establishment
 

Project Title	Agronomic and molecular aspects of osmoprotectant application and cold tolerance in rice
RIRDC Project No:	UQ-91A
Start Date:	1/7/99
Finish Date:	30/6/01
Researcher:	Dr Naidu Bodapati
Organisation:	CSIRO Tropical Agriculture Long Pocket Laboratories 120 Meiers Road INDOOROOPILLY QLD 4068
Phone:	(07) 3214 2285
Fax:	(07) 3214 2848
Email:	Naidu.Bodapati@tag.csiro.au
Objectives	· To develop a seed treatment method using glycinebetaine or spermine (osmoprotectants) to increase seedling establishment at low temperature. · To examine if foliar application of these solutes would increase yield of cold stress affected rice plants under laboratory and field conditions. · To obtain molecular and physiological information on the role of osmoprotectants to increase cold tolerance and this may form a basis to genetically engineer rice plant to produce osmoprotectants naturally.
Current Progress	Recent research shows that plant species other than rice have a greater capacity to tolerate cold stress mainly due to the accumulation of organic compounds called Osmoprotectants. The levels of osmoprotectants and thus stress tolerance could be increased by breeding if the plants have the capacity to synthesise them, if not these could be introduced by genetic engineering or simply by external application. Based on the patented previous research of CSIRO Tropical Agriculture, we have tested 5 osmoprotectants. Only spermine increased seedling cold stress tolerance by increasing germination % from 80 to 100% and by increasing shoot weight by up to 62% and by almost doubling root growth. Spermine effect is more pronounced in Doongara (susceptible cv.) than in Amaroo (tolerant cv.). Spermine requirement is 20g/ha. Foliar application of glycinebetaine increased seed set by 94 and 39% in Amaroo and Doongara, respectively. On the other hand, spermine foliar application would represent an increased grain set of 68 and 82 % in Amaroo and Doongara, respectively. The requirement of glycinebetaine or spermine is only about 30g/ha. Glycinebetaine is commercially available for only $25/kg. This would cost only less than $1 for the cost of betaine.

Agronomy/Crop Physiology
 

Project Title	Rice physiology: Maximising rice yields beyond 2000
RIRDC Project No:	DAN 160A
Start Date:	1/7/1997
Finish Date:	30/6/2002
Researcher:	Mr. Robert L. Williams
Organisation:	NSW Agriculture Yanco Agricultural Institute Private Mail Bag YANCO NSW 2703
Phone:	02 69512679
Fax:	02 69 557580
Email:	Robert.Williams@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	Improve farmers yields through genetic and management gains based on a knowledge of rice physiology by  · Extend the optimal management options, recently developed for Amaroo to a range of varieties with a special emphasis on nitrogen management. · Develop screening techniques for rapid early growth, high harvest index and RUE and incorporate these characters from introduced varieties into locally adapted lines.
Current Progress	The project continued to flourish in the last 12 months with no changes in staff, and good moral in the rice physiology team at Yanco Agricultural Institute. Analysis of a range of experiments are being completed with the following highlights Fieldwork in farmer’s paddocks with 4 commercial varieties and a range of N rates has demonstrated the value of appropriate N and water depth management in a cool year. Even in the cool summer (1999/2000) maximum field trial yield was above 13 t/ha. The release of maNage rice (v4.3) in December 1999 provides rice farmers up to date information on management options for a range of varieties.  Continued work on the identification and utilisation of potential parents to increase yield in the NSW rice industry is showing good progress. Evaluation of inbred lines (that resulted from crossing Illabong and Millin with HSC55 and Plovdiv 22) have resulted in high growth lines, that have the potential to out-yield the current Australian varieties. This has shown the value of previously identified parents such as HSC55 (Hungary) and Plovdiv 22 (Bulgaria). In this current year, a pilot study of the use of a rapid measure of crop biomass in a regular rice breeding trial is being evaluated. Analysis of this data is ongoing.

Crop Nutrition
 

Project Title	Relating minerals in rice shoots and grain to soil tests, yield and grain quality
RIRDC Project No:	DAN-175A
Start Date:	1/07/98
Finish Date:	30/06/01
Researcher:	Dr. Graeme D Batten
Organisation:	NSW Department of Agriculture Yanco Agricultural Institute PMB YANCO NSW 2703
Phone:	(02) 6951 2736
Fax:	(02) 6955 7580
Email:	graeme.batten@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	· To determine from soil, shoot and grain samples collected from rice farms with different soil types and rice histories and by intensive sampling of selected rice farms: · the influence of soil factors on plant growth, nutrient uptake, grain yield and grain quality; · variation in plant and grain minerals within a field and the ability to detect this variation by remote images; and · critical nutrient concentrations in whole rice shoots to provide a basis for diagnosing problem crops.
Current Progress	Soil, shoot and grain samples have been collected from over 100 rice farms. These samples represent the commercial rice variety Amaroo grown in all rice growing districts and on the five major soil types. Of the samples analysed to date, soil sodium status has a strong correlation with plant sodium (r>0.7) and a correlation with grain sodium concentration (r=0.5). Soil available P status was correlated with plant P status, but only weakly correlated with grain P.  Samples of brown rice of all major commercial varieties have been analysed for minerals and protein. These data are being related to the viscosity of white rice flour from the same samples. The relations between minerals, protein and viscosity differ between years and current investigations are aimed at understanding these seasonal differences. Samples from four farms are being processed to map the variation in soil, plant and grain properties within rice crops. This variation will be related to remote images as a collaborative study with Charles Sturt University.

Project Title	NIR for improved fertilizer predictions II
RIRDC Project No:	DAN-185A
Start Date:	1/07/99
Finish Date:	30/06/00
Researcher:	Dr. Graeme D Batten
Organisation:	NSW Department of Agriculture Yanco Agricultural Institute PMB YANCO NSW 2703
Phone:	(02) 6951 2736
Fax:	(02) 6955 7580
Email:	Graeme.batten@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	The project will continue to improve and backup the current NIR Tissue Testing Service, operated for rice growers by the Ricegrowers' Co-operative Limited. The major initiatives will include: · Extending the capability of the NIR Tissue Test to provide fertilizer recommendations for crops sampled prior to the panicle initiation (PI) stage; · Implementing a growth stage calibration, based on findings from the previous project (DAN-148A), to check the growth stages indicated by growers when they submit samples; and · Increasing the throughput of samples analysed per hour by developing calibrations and an operating procedure based on a diode array NIR spectrometer and further automate data handling options.
Current Progress	This project researches improvements to the efficiency of operation of the NIR Rice Tissue Testing Service, operated for rice growers by Ricegrowers' Co-operative Limited. It also provides essential backup to ensure the efficient operation of service. During 1999 the WINISI software was installed to operate and develop calibrations on the scanning NIR spectrometer. This makes it possible to report more constituents on each sample analysed and has options, which are useful for developing calibrations. During January 2000 about 5000 rice shoot samples were analysed and nitrogen fertilizer recommendations given to producers. Due to cool conditions crop N uptake was about 30% lower at the panicle initiation stage, than in the previous season, and so the average amount of N suggested to growers was almost double. In Autumn of 2000 the data for all samples submitted to the NIR Tissue Test during the last 10 years were collated into a single database. This massive data set is being interrogated to help determine fertilizer inputs, cropping sequences, and other information. A paper setting out the impact of rice cropping on the soils of the region will be tabled later this year. Hardware and software options, which may reduce the time needed to analyse each sample, allow electronic storage of data, and automatic calculation of crop fertilizer requirements, are being examined.

Crop Protection
 

Project Title	Rotational weed control practices for rice
RIRDC Project No:	AGR-6A
Start Date:	1/07/98
Finish Date:	30/06/02
Researcher:	Mr. Malcolm Taylor
Organisation:	Agropraisals Pty Ltd RMB 1553A COBRAM VIC 3644
Phone:	(03) 5872 2892
Fax:	(03) 5872 2838
Email:	mtaylor@cnl.com.au
Objectives	· To develop rotational programs of herbicides coupled with the definition and integration of cultural weed control methods for rice. · Promote adoption of these practices by improving farmer knowledge of these issues through conduct of grower field days, publishing results in a format suitable to growers and assistance with preparation of annual weed control bulletins.
Current Progress	Our objectives for rice weed control research this season have been to develop data to enable the registration of BASAGRAN in aerial sown rice and MAGISTER in drill sown rice, thus improving the range of weed control options available to growers.  AERIAL SOWN RICE  In water seeded (aerial-sown) rice we have evaluated BASAGRAN (bentazon) - a foliar herbicide for aquatic weed control. BASAGRAN presents an alternative (group C) mode of action to currently registered herbicides that may be applied in the 20-40 days after seeding application window. In a total of 6 replicated trials this season BASAGRAN has demonstrated effective control of dirty Dora, starfruit, arrowhead, water plantain, spikerush and seedling cumbungi at rates of 2.0-3.0 l/ha. Addition of MCPA sodium at 0.5 l/ha to BASAGRAN markedly improved aquatic weed control. Addition of non-ionic surfactant or crop spraying oil to BASAGRAN failed to improve weed control. DRILL SOWN RICE Drill seeded rice crops may be treated with alternate mode of action herbicides that are not used in water seeded rice (for example paraquat and pendimethalin). A major deterrent to rice growers establishing crops by drill seeding is the risk of catastrophic barnyard grass control escapes. Current barnyard grass control strategies for drill seeded rice tend to be both expensive and unreliable. MAGISTER (clomazone) has previously demonstrated excellent control of barnyard grass in drill sown rice prompting a major program over the past three seasons to develop recommendations for commercial use of MAGISTER in drill seeded rice.

Combinations of GRAMOXONE (paraquat; a cheap and non-selective knockdown herbicide) with MAGISTER were evaluated at two sites this season. Control of barnyard grass and silvertop grass with mixtures of GRAMOXONE @ 0.8 l/ha and MAGISTER @ 0.5 l/ha provided consistently excellent weed control and rice tolerance when applied post sowing, pre crop emergence (PSPE).  Combinations of RONACIL plus MAGISTER were evaluated in six experiments this season as early post emergence (EPE) treatments. RONACIL (propanil) performance was poor during cool weather and/or if advanced weed growth stages were treated. Increasing in the rate of RONACIL to 10 l/ha improved barnyard grass control, however these treatments were less effective and less affordable than combinations of GRAMOXONE plus MAGISTER.

Project Title	Improving bloodworm, snail and earthworm control in rice
RIRDC Project No:	DAN-184A
Start Date:	01/07/99
Finish Date:	30/06/02
Researcher:	Dr Mark Stevens
Organisation:	NSW Agriculture Yanco Agricultural Institute Private Mail Bag YANCO NSW 2703
Phone:	(02) 6951 2611
Fax:	(02) 6951 2719
Email:	mark.stevens@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objective	New data on the efficacy of bloodworm control chemicals will be generated, allowing alternatives to chlorpyrifos to be developed. The potential of oviposition deterrents for bloodworm management will be investigated. Further chemical control trials will be conducted against aquatic earthworms, whilst ecological studies will determine whether crop rotations influence earthworm populations. Molluscicides that have the potential to replace copper sulphate for the control of aquatic snails will be evaluated. Effective alternatives to copper will be tested for rice phytotoxicity and environmental persistence to determine their suitability for commercial use.
Current Progress	Granular formulations containing clomazone and alphacypermethrin were assessed against bloodworms in the 1999/2000 rice season. Initial bloodworm suppression (by alphacypermethrin) was not as strong as achieved with liquid formulations, however residual efficacy was improved. Barnyard grass control (by clomazone) was excellent. Modifying the formulations to provide faster release of alphacypermethrin into the water column may improve initial bloodworm control. Chlorothalonil has been identified as a potential alternative to copper for snail control. Field trials have supported the results of laboratory bioassays on mature and immature Isidorella newcombi, and indicate the optimum application rate is approximately 1.3 kg ai/ha. No phytotoxicity was observed at rates of up to 5 kg ai/ha in 2 separate field trials. Plant samples are being analysed for residues, and the persistence of the compound in soil and water is being investigated. Bioassays to test the effect of chlorothalonil on snail eggs have been initiated. Several bait pellet formulations of metaldehyde have been evaluated in the laboratory, however they are unpalatable to the snails and are unlikely to be viable options for rice snail management.


 

Project Title	The Biology of Arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis)
RIRDC Project No:	UCS-16A
Start Date:	1/07/1996
Finish Date:	30/11/2000
Researcher:	Professor James Pratley
Organisation:	Charles Sturt University Locked Bag 588 WAGGA WAGGA. NSW 2678
Phone:	02.69332864
Fax:	02.69332868
Email:	jpratley@csu.edu.au
Objective	This project aims to improve the knowledge and understanding of the biology of arrowhead. The outcomes are that systems for management of the weed will be better able to be developed to counteract the problem of herbicide resistance, which threatens to undermine rice production in Australia.
Current Progress	Experimental work on this project will soon be complete. Data from surveys undertaken over the last couple of years has been collected, collated and will soon be fully analysed with the help of qualitative statistics experts at CSU. These results will show a picture of the distribution of the major weeds of rice, as well as arrowhead. They will also illustrate grower knowledge of their herbicide resistance problems, which can then be related to results from the herbicide resistance survey currently being undertaken. Other recent results include data that confirms arrowhead is a strong competitor with rice if unchecked. The base temperature required for arrowhead germination has been determined to occur around 120C and trials show that a large amount of stubble can have the simple effect of shading arrowhead seeds, slowing germination. Some smaller experiments into aspects of arrowhead growth are currently under way, or have been completed and not yet analysed, including response to nitrogen, presence and absence of burnt and unburnt stubble, further investigations into the effect of water level, and the floating ability of arrowhead seeds, and the effect of different soils on the germination and growth of arrowhead.

Project Title	Development of integrated weed management strategies for the rice weeds Cyperus difformis and Alisma plantago-aquatica
RIRDC Project No:	UCS-20A
Start Date:	1/07/1998
Finish Date:	30/07/2001
Researcher:	Professor James Pratley
Organisation:	Charles Sturt University Locked Bag 588 WAGGA WAGGA. NSW 2678
Phone:	02.69332864
Fax:	02.69332868
Email:	jpratley@csu.edu.au
Objective	To reduce the threat of the aquatic weeds, dirty dora and water plantain, by understanding the biology of the weeds in order to develop integrated management strategies.
Current Progress	This project was commenced in July 1998 and includes the rice-growing seasons of 1998-99 and 1999-00.\ Cyperus difformis (dirty dora) germination requirements were investigated in the season 1998-99. Last season, experiments were undertaken to test the parameters such as soil medium, emergence at different sowing depth, tiller reproduction, spikelet diameters. These tests have provided significant results and an insight into the growth and establishment of the species. A morphological and anatomical study is under progress for a clearer key to the species. Molecular templates will be examined for diversity among the various accessions in the coming season. For A. plantago-aquatica, in the 1999/2000 growing season the distribution of seedling plants around a parent corm plant; the fate of A. plantago-aquatica seeds at harvest; and the phasic development of corm and seedling plants were investigated. The data for these are currently being analysed. Plots were also set up for an experiment looking at the effects of an early cultivation on the corms of A. plantago-aquatica. This season a survey is being conducted on the opinions of farmers on the infestation, spread and control of A. plantago-aquatica. Secondly, a study is being conducted on the extent of herbicide resistance of A. plantago-aquatica to Londax, Taipan and MCPA. Finally, germination experiments are also being conducted on the dormancy and the environmental factors affecting the germination of A. plantago-aquatica.

Project Title	Integrated management of Alismataceae weeds to reduce herbicide resistance
RIRDC Project No:	UCS-26A
Start Date:	1/10/99
Finish Date:	31/12/01
Researcher:	Mr. Farzad Jahromi
Organisation:	Charles Sturt University School of Agriculture PO Box 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678
Phone:	(02) 6933 2285
Fax:	(02) 6933 2812
Email:	fjahromi@csu.edu.au
Objective	A practical cost-effective integrated strategy that controls major Alismataceae weeds (starfruit, Alisma, water plantain and possibly arrowhead) and assists in avoiding herbicide resistance by reducing herbicide usage.
Current Progress	Recently a PhD project (UCA-7A) on the study of a fungal pathogen as a potential mycoherbicide to control starfruit was completed. This project concluded that the fungus Rhynchosporium alismatis can suppress the growth of starfruit reducing the competitive ability of the weed to below levels that do not affect the rice plants. In addition it was found that the suppressing effect of the fungus can be enhanced if it is combined with doses as low as 1.5% of the recommended doses of Londax. In this project all trials were performed in glasshouses. Currently a project is underway to study field evaluation, and different formulations of the mycoherbicide. For reasons beyond our control we were not able to set up a field trial earlier than January 2000. The trial was set up at Charles Sturt University campus at in Wagga Wagga for the very first time. Although we could not obtain any quantitative data from the experiment due to the lack of growth of rice plants, it was an excellent experience giving us valuable information about the logistics for future trials. Work has also been done on the formulation of the fungus in alginate pellets and there are clear indications that the fungus can survive the drying process. We expect to test the pellets in infecting starfruit in near future glasshouse and field trials.

Project Title	Determining the extent of herbicide resistance in the rice growing regions of Southern Australia
RIRDC Project No:	UCS-25A
Start Date:	1/01/2000
Finish Date:	30/08/2000
Researcher:	Professor James Pratley
Organisation:	Charles Sturt University Locked Bag 588 WAGGA WAGGA. NSW 2678
Phone:	02.69332864
Fax:	02.69332868
Email:	jpratley@csu.edu.au
Objective	To determine base line data on the extent of herbicide resistance in dirty dora (Cyperus difformis), starfruit (Damasonium minus), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis), and water plantain (Alisma plantago aquatica) in the Murrumbidgee (MIA), Coleambally (CIA) and Murray Valley rice growing regions. The herbicides to be evaluated include: bensulfuron (Londax), thiobencard (Saturn), benzofenap (Taipan), molinate (Ordram), propanil (Ronacil), clomazone (Command) and MCPA. The project findings will be used to promote and educate issues on herbicide resistance and provide a benchmark to monitor control strategies.
Current Progress	A benchmark study is in progress to establish the level of herbicide resistance in weeds of rice. Samples of weed seeds have been collected from farms in all rice growing areas, from screenings collected at the Ricegrowers’ Cooperative Mill laboratories and from samples sent in by growers. The species involved are barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp), dirty dora (Cyperus difformis), arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis), starfruit (Damasonium minus) and water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica). Resistance to bensulfuron (LondaxÒ ) has already been recorded in the aquatic weeds but not to other chemicals. The extent of the resistance, however, needs to be clarified by this project. During the process at least four species of Echinochloa have been identified although the implications are not yet clear.

Sustainable Farming Systems
 

Project Title	Identification and management of soil acidification in irrigated farming systems of southern NSW
RIRDC Project No:	DAN-161A
Start Date:	1/07/97
Finish Date:	30/6/00
Researcher:	Mr Geoff Beecher
Organisation:	NSW Department of Agriculture  Yanco Agricultural Institute YANCO NSW 2703
Phone:	0269512725
Fax:	0269557580
Email:	geoff.beecher@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	· To reverse of soil acidification before subsoils become acid which will maintain a wide choice of crop species. · To have increased knowledge of topsoil and subsoil acidity in irrigated land of southern NSW  · To have improved understanding of the impact of soil management (eg landforming) and crop management (cropping sequence, irrigation management and fertiliser use) on soil acidification mechanisms under irrigation. · To have increased farmer awareness of best practices and systems for soil acidity management that are compatible with irrigation cropping systems
Current Progress	Soil acidification is an increasingly recognised problem in irrigated fields of southern NSW. The project has continued to make good progress with Ms Belinda Lake continuing as project Officer. The soil-sampling program has continued in MIA, CIA and Murray Valley rice growing holdings. All sampling sites have been GPS located and cropping sequence information obtained. This information has been entered into a database from where information can easily be transferred into ArcView GIS mapping software. Laboratory soil analysis data from the sampling program has been provided to growers and District Agronomists as well as added to the database to be incorporated in spatial analysis. Results indicate that soil acidity in the 0-10cm interval is at levels that could affect the performance of crops grown in rotation with rice. Digitised soil plans for various irrigation areas/districts (Yanco, Kooba Coleambally, Wakool, Denimein, Deniboota and Berriquin have been accessed. These soil maps have been used in combination with the database to generate derivative maps of soil pH based on soil types, and cropping histories.  Significant interaction has occurred with the Environmental Managers of the major Irrigation companies in ricegrowing areas regarding the information developed in this project. Soil acidity awareness raising displays were presented at the Henty Machinery Field Days, and Murrumbidgee Farm Fair.

Technology, Transfer and Communications
 

Project Title	Better extension programs for improved rice yields
RIRDC Project No:	DAN-162A
Start Date:	1/01/98
Finish Date:	30/6/00
Researcher:	Mr. Warwick Clampett
Organisation:	NSW Department of Agriculture PO Box 1087 GRIFFITH NSW 2680
Phone:	(02) 6960 1317
Fax:	(02) 6963 0255
Email:	warwick.clampett@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	Improve yields, grain quality, profitability and sustainability of rice production by: · Identifying the needs of ricegrowers and constraints to improvement in the rice production system · Developing crop management recommendations and best management practices from existing technology, current practices and new research and development outcomes: and · Implementing effective extension programs to achieve better technology adoption on farm.
Current Progress	1. Crop Evaluation Program · 1999 harvest data (614 crops) was collected and analysed, and Ricecheck Crop Evaluation Reports mailed to ricegrowers in September. · Detailed statistical analysis of data from 3825 individual rice fields (6 seasons) is being undertaken with the assistance of Charles Sturt University. · Data analysis assisted in the annual revision of the Ricecheck Recommendations, the Best Management Practices for ricegrowing. 2. Surveys and Demonstration Program · Five Weed Management Demonstrations comparing alternative weed control strategies were conducted and presented to growers at Field Days in November and December. · Preliminary results from a survey of water depth at early pollen microspore in 98 crops showed that some 42% of fields were achieving target depths. · Fertiliser strips demonstrating phosphorus and zinc responses were established in most rice districts. · A pilot study using precision agriculture technology was established on a commercial rice crop in the Finley District. A range of data layers covering rice yields, EM31, soil analysis, NIR tissue and infra imagery have been collected. 3. Extension Support Program · Display posters/presentation materials were developed for use at Rice Discussion Groups, Preseason Meetings and Rice Fields.

Project Title	Technology transfer for a more productive and sustainable rice farming system
RIRDC Project No:	IRE-3A
Researcher:	Mr Nick Hutchins
Organisation:	Irrigation Research and Extension Committee C/-CSIRO Land & Water Private Mail Bag 3  GRIFFITH NSW 2680
Phone:	(02) 6960 1550
Fax:	(02) 6960 1562
Email:	hutchag@webfront.net.au
Objectives	To provide an integrated technology transfer mechanism for the rice R&D program which will lead to more profitable and sustainable rice and general irrigation farming systems in southern NSW.  The project will deliver: · Pre-season rice technology meetings in all rice producing districts. · Rice discussion groups through the production season. · A major rice field day each season. · Four editions of the Farmers' Newsletter each year. · An annual Irrigated Farm Competition to improve water use efficiency. · Regular planning and review meetings to ensure the relevance of irrigation R&D. · Examination of innovative options for technology transfer, eg: the Internet, CD-rom.
Current Progress	The implementation of milestones under Project IRE-3A by the I.R.E.C., continues to deliver on the transfer of quality information and technology to growers in Southern New South Wales. To date there has been a substantial acceptance rate in relation to RICECHECK recommendations developed through N.S.W. agriculture. The quality of these recommendations have in an otherwise difficult year, has had an influence on maintaining high yields despite poor climatic conditions. RICECHECK recommendations will be reviewed in September 2000. The I.R.E.C. Farmers’ Newsletter acts as a major vehicle for the publication of research and extension articles for irrigation farmers in Southern N.S.W. Three editions have been published in Year 2000. The project will employ a new editor for the remaining two editions. The Year 2000 Rice Field Day was held at the McCaughey Memorial Institute, Jerilderie on Wednesday March 2000. The event was attended by over 200 growers and included a "hands-on" look at the performance of new varieties, the performance for cold tolerance characteristics in varieties, herbicide/pesticide efficacy as well as soil fertility and suitability testing. The Year 2000 Irrigated Farm Competition will be conducted for horticultural farms in November 2000. This activity will continue to encourage adoption of best management practices and encourage water use efficiency in the region.

Two of I.R.E.C.’s five sub-committees, winter crops and summer crops will be merged to form the Cropping Systems Sub-Committee. The new committee will hold a seminar in August 2000. Rice discussion groups are ongoing with pre-season technology meetings to take place in August and September 2000.

Project Title	Quality rice production in South Eastern Australia
RIRDC Project No:	IRE-5A
Start Date:	1/1/99
Finish Date:	30/4/01
Researcher:	Ms Lucy Kealey
Organisation:	Irrigation Research & Extension Committee PO Box 1775 GRIFFITH NSW 2680
Phone:	02 6964 5232
Fax:	02 6964 0517
Email:	kealey@dragnet.com.au
Objective	To improve the profitability and sustainability of rice growing and the rice industry in NSW by producing a technical reference publication "Production of Quality Rice in South Eastern Australia" for rice growers and industry service personnel.
Current Progress	The project is in production mode, having assigned authors and chapter leaders to each of the 17 chapters in February last year. Other logistical aspects have been addressed such as seeking and deciding on quotes for design and printing, organising storage and distribution of the document, coordinating some professional photography for chapter covers and revision of the production timetable. To date, the folder, divider tabs and three booklets (Overview, Chapter 1: The rice industry of southeastern Australia and Chapter 13: Grain quality) are complete. Four chapters (Chapter 4: Land for rice growing, Chapter 6: Crop nutrition, Chapter 9: Weed management and Chapter 12: Equipment and machinery are in progress with completion aimed for the August launch of the publication. The launch will coincide with the distribution of the folders and the first group of booklets to all rice growers. Remaining booklets will be mailed in two batches by the end of the project term. Further chapters will begin production in July. The progress of this project and the eventual production of this publication relies on the commitment of the authors to the production process, which is additional to their scheduled work programs. The current process of authorship and grower review is resulting in a high quality product in terms of information and is complemented by the design and presentation of the finished product.

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Last updated: 3 August 2000
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