RIRDC Completed Projects in 2000-2001 & Research in Progress as at June 2001

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3.5 HORSES   COMPLETED PROJECTS
PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION
2. Industry Development and Development of Equine Research Infrastructure in Australia
CIE-9A	The Contribution of the horse industry of Australia - a scoping study	Dr Jenny Gordon	(02) 6248 6699	Centre for International Economics
US-91A	Horse Genetics Workshop	Dr Herman Raadsma	(02) 9351 1603	The University of Sydney
3. Respiratory Diseases-Improving the Respiratory Health of Horses
IMV-2A	Development of diagnostic tests and vaccines for Rhodococcus equi infection	Dr Michael Heuzenroeder	(08) 8222 3275	Institute of Medical & Veterinary Science
RWE-1A	Evaluation of laryngeal neuropathy grading by evoked potential response	Dr Leanne Begg	02 9399 7722	Randwick Equine Centre
UM-40A	Epidemiology of equine rhinovirus type 2 (ERhV2)	Prof Michael Studdert Dr Carol Hartley	(03) 9344 7373	The University of Melbourne
UMU-22A	Respiratory diseases in racehorses: role of viruses	A/Prof Graham Wilcox	(08) 9360 2448	Murdoch University
UQ-73A	Repeatability and Reliability of Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) in the Horse	Dr John Thornton Ms Joanne Hamilton	(07) 3365 2917	The University of Queensland
4. Nutrition Research-Development Better Ways to Feed Horses
UNE-62A	Safe and effective grain feeding for horses	Prof James Rowe	(02) 6773 2225	University of New England
6. Exercise and Metabolic Disease-Optimising Fitness and Reducing Training-Related Disease
UCS-24A	Health and performance of pony club horses (Stage 1)	Dr Petra Ecke	(02) 6933 2426	Charles Sturt University
8. Improving Racetracks and Working Surfaces for Horses
PTP-15A	Manual of racetrack management	Mr Arthur Stubbs	(03) 9844 1135	Primary Tasks Pty Ltd
PTP-16A	5th Australian racecourse managers' conference - 2000	Mr Arthur Stubbs	(03) 9844 1135	Primary Tasks Pty Ltd
9. Other
USU-1A	Assessment and prevention of toxicity from indospicine-contaminated horsemeat	Dr Michael Pass	(07) 5430 2840	University of the Sunshine Coast

2. Industry Development and Development of Equine Research Infrastructure in Australia
 

Project Title:	The Contribution of the horse industry of Australia - a scoping study
RIRDC Project No.:	CIE-9A
Researcher:	Dr Jenny Gordon
Organisation:	Centre for International Economics
Phone:	(02) 6248 6699
Fax:	(02) 6247 7484
Email:	jgordon@intecon.com.au
Objectives	§ To estimate the contribution to the Australian economy of the whole of the horse industry
Background	Increasingly the various segments of the industry — racing, breeding, equestrian organisations and businesses — are seeing themselves as an industry with many common goals. The idea of building a general equilibrium model of the industry was raised by the Horse Industry Council. However, as this would be an expensive exercise it was considered sensible to conduct a scoping study to make preliminary estimates and assess the value of a more comprehensive model as well as the difficulties that might be faced in developing such a tool.
Research	The research involved building a spreadsheet model of the horse industry based on expenditures on inputs into animal related, business related and event related industry activities. The model can be used to estimate the contribution of voluntary labour to estimate Social National Accounts as well as Gross National Product measures. Value added by labour is also estimated which can be used to assess multiplier effects though this is not the focus of the study. Existing statistics and extensive interviews were used to develop expenditure share estimates and provide cost estimates to assess the accuracy of the model. Interviews were also used to identify issues that the industry faces to assess whether a general equilibrium model would be of use in formulating industry policy.
Outcomes	The key results from the model are: § the contribution to GDP of the horse industry is estimated at over $6.3 billion, and if the value of volunteer labour is also included this pushes the contribution of the industry to almost $8 billion; § animal related expenditures contribute a little under half of the overall contribution to GDP, at $3.1 billion — this expenditure is divided fairly evenly between animal husbandry, feed, stabling and accommodation and training; § business related expenditures contribute $2.4 billion — well over half is labour expenditure; § event related expenditure (from horse sales to racing fixtures to Royal shows to Pony club) is almost $0.8 billion — a substantial proportion (around a third) is spending on food and beverages by spectators. Transport for horses and spectators are also big items; § racing (breeding, racing businesses, racing events and wagering) is estimated to contribute around $3.9 billion to GDP, although this includes the cost of keeping young horses that do not eventually race; § equestrian events are not that far behind racing events in contributing the GDP; with expenditures of almost $0.4 billion on the events; § wagering on horse racing alone contributes almost $1 billion to government revenue; § based on an average tax rate of 25 per cent income taxes on labour would contribute $100 million in federal government revenue.
Implications	Apart from providing a baseline estimate of the contribution of the horse industry in 1999 that will be useful to the development of industry perceptions and cooperation, the study addressed two other issues. The first is what would have to be done to develop a general equilibrium model of the industry that can be used to ask 'what if' questions. The answer is that extensive data collection would be required that would be expensive. For a model to be meaningful at least as many industry segments and sub-segments would have to be modelled explicitly as behaviour is very different in each sub- segment of the industry. The second question is what issues face the industry where such a model would be of value in providing insight into those 'what if' questions. Apart from the impact of rising input costs on participation in the industry, a general equilibrium model is would not provide much more than provided by the estimates produced by this study. The key outcome is that the study highlights how large all segments of the horse industry are, emphasising the need for industry cooperation in addressing issues facing all members of the industry such as environmental concerns, animal welfare and occupational health and safety.


 
 

Project Title	Horse Genetics Workshop
RIRDC Project No.:	US-91A
Researcher:	Dr Herman Raadsma
Organisation:	The University of Sydney PMB 3 CAMDEN NSW 2570
Phone:	(02) 9351 1620
Fax:	(02) 9351 1618
Email:	raasama@camden.usyd.edu.au
Objectives	· On behalf of RIRDC Equine Research and Development Advisory Committee to convene a national workshop of equine genetics researchers and industry representatives with international representation. The aim of the workshop was to formulate priority areas where Australian researchers can gainfully contribute to R&D in horse genetics based on a balanced overview of industry needs and research provider capabilities.
Background	By international standards Australia has a major horse industry, with a resource base of 1.2 million animals and significant industry commercial activity (valued at $15 billion/annum). With relatively low cost of production and freedom from many diseases, Australia is well situated to breed horses of high quality for all national and international industry needs. Despite our production capability, the value of horse imports remains lower then export earnings in the Australian horse industry, and reflects a long-term trend. The Australian horse industry makes relatively little use of the technologies on offer in modern animal genetics to improve the value base of its national resource. Other livestock industries have successfully exploited advances in modern genetic technologies to remain internationally competitive. Furthermore the lack of information or the lack of uptake was not identified as a national research priority by the horse industry. It is possible that the Australian horse industry has relatively little knowledge of the benefits that scientific principles can bring to horse breeding, or has too limited information, to use these tools successfully.
Research	To make an assessment of Australia's research capability, local knowledge base, and industry needs the RIRDC sponsored a 2-day workshop to provide a forum to discuss issues and set priorities for research and development in horse genetics for the Australian industry. The forum was undertaken in the context of international developments in molecular and quantitative genetics relevant to the horse. In this regard, we were fortunate to be able to secure the attendance of two leading geneticists with a strong background in equine genetics: Professor Patrick Cunningham, from Trinity College, Dublin, and Professor Ann Bowling from the University of California, Davis. In addition, we also welcomed Dr Ian Anderson, Director of the Equine Blood Typing and Research Centre, Massey University who gave an overview of trans-Tasman issues in equine genetics and related research areas.
Outcomes	Workshop outcomes were quantified under three broad headings: § The bringing together of industry representatives and researchers. The workshop provided the opportunity for industry representatives and researchers to meet in a structured way and to come to grips with the complex issues around equine genetics research.  § Bringing Australian researchers and industry representatives up to date on international "state of the art" research in equine genetics. Participants were fortunate to hear first hand the outcomes of not yet published research undertaken by world-class geneticists. § Scoping of national priorities for equine genetic research. The presentations and discussion undertaken during the workshop provided the basis for the RIRDC to sponsor the development of an industry "Green Paper" on equine genetics. The Green Paper will outline both the benefits and pitfalls of taking an industry-wide approach to Australian equine genetic research.
Implications	Due to the complex issues genetic research generates, it was decided at the workshop that one way ahead for the Industry would be develop a National Green Paper on equine genetic research. Drafted by experts, the aim of the Green Paper would be to clearly lay out the issues for and against a strategic approach to equine genetics research in Australia. Such a paper would assist horse owners and industry bodies to deepen their understanding of future ramifications prior to making decisions about funding allocations.


 

3. Respiratory Diseases-Improving the Respiratory Health of Horses
 

Project Title:	Development of diagnostic tests and vaccines for Rhodococcus equi infection
RIRDC Project No.:	IMV-2A
Researcher:	Dr Michael Heuzenroeder
Organisation:	Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science Infectious Diseases Laboratories PO Box 14 Rundle Mall  ADELAIDE SA 5000
Phone:	(08) 8222 3275
Fax:	(08) 8222 3543
Email:	heuzenroeder@imvs.sa.gov.au
Objectives	§ Improvement of the ELISA test based upon defined peptide epitopes of the VapA protein of Rhodococcus equi developed in the last RIRDC and University of SA funded project. § The demonstration of the feasibility of using the improved ELISA (above) using a larger bank of sera from infected and non-infected animals. § Determination of whether antibodies against the VapA protein are protective in a mouse model of R. equi infection § Development of DNA and epitope vaccines against R. equi based upon the VapA and GroEL proteins and the testing of these vaccines in a mouse model of R. equi infection.
Background	In Rhodococcus equi infection, if antibiotic therapy is initiated before symptoms are apparent, the animal can be saved with obvious economic benefits. It has been shown that the detection of high levels of IgG antibodies to the R. equi VapA protein is a good early indicator of R. equi infection in horses. In an earlier grant an ELISA test based upon a defined universally reactive synthetic peptide epitope of the VapA protein was developed.  An effective vaccine against R. equi would of course, be most useful to the industry. Vaccines that have been employed in the past have often resulted in unsightly ulceration of the animal, which may reduce its value. DNA vaccines using GroEL protein have been shown effective in larger animals and may overcome this problem. The demonstration in a mouse model of the effectiveness of this approach to vaccination would justify pilot testing of these vaccines in a study with horses.
Research	A systematic study of peptides that were based upon the amino acid sequence TSLNLQKDEPNGRASDTAGQ identified for use in an earlier ELISA test was carried out. This study confirmed NLQKDEPNGRA as the optimum peptide for use in the ELISA test and that it was superior to that based upon whole R. equi cells. Further testing of the ELISA with sera from horses from geographically diverse locations confirmed the ability of the test to accurately predict R. equi infection. VapA and GroEL based DNA and purified protein vaccines were produced. The VapA and GroEL DNA vaccines both produced an elevated IgG2a response and no significant DTH (Delayed Type Hypersensitivity) response in mice was observed for the VapA vaccine. In contrast, a significant DTH response was observed for the GroEL based vaccine. Similar results were also found with the VapA and GroEL purified protein-based vaccines. This indicates a Th1 cell mediated immune response postulated for protective R. equi immunity in horses. Challenge studies in mice vaccinated with all vaccine constructs indicated that there was no enhanced clearance of the R. equi challenge organisms.
Outcomes	It is clear that an improved ELISA test to test for antibodies to the VapA protein would be of great benefit for early detection R. equi infection. Patent protection has been sought for the ELISA test developed in this project. Development of VapA and GroEL purified protein and DNA based vaccines with the demonstration of a cell mediated Th1 response in mice. Antibodies against recombinant VapA protein are not protective in mice.
Implications	An accurate serological test to test for early R. equi infection has been further developed. A number of promising vaccine candidates have been constructed, however, it is likely that the murine model of R. equi infection may not accurately predict the immune response in horses and has serious deficiencies in the measurement of vaccine efficacy.
Publications	Vanniasinkam, T et al. 2001.B cell epitope mapping of the VapA Protein of Rhodococcus equi: Implications for early detection of R. equi disease in Foals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 1633-7. Vanniasinkam, T. et al. 2000. Rhodococcus equi groEL gene and it's potential for use in a DNA vaccine. 6th National Symposium: Basic Aspects of Vaccines, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (poster presentation).


 

Project Title:	Evaluation of Laryngeal Neuropathy Grading by Evoked Potential Response
RIRDC Project No.:	RWE-1A
Researcher:	Robert A. Curtis, Dr Treve Williams, Dr Leanne Begg
Organisation:	Randwick Equine Centre PO box 194 Randwick, NSW 2031
Phone:	(02) 9399 7722
Fax:	(02) 9399 6338
Email:	REC@ava.com.a
Objectives	§ To evaluate whether the slap reflex as measured by an Electro Laryngeo Graph (ELG) is a clinically useful tool for grading horses that are ‘roarers’ or ‘whistlers’.
Background	The condition causing ‘roarering’ or ‘whistling’.in an exercising horse, is caused by a progressive neurological disease. Grading this condition can be done by endoscopy, but is subjective, and may not be indicative of the underlying nerve function. Prof. B Cook has developed a test based on the slap reflex "cough", that is claimed to provide a grading system for this disease. If proven useful, the test would be a simple, low cost, qualitative method for grading, and study the progression of this disease.
Research	This study based on 85 ELG tests on 58 horses. It evaluates the effects of sedation and natural aging on ELG results, as well as test repeatability. It compares grading using the ELG test with endoscopic grades.
Outcomes	The ELG was found to be stable and highly repeatable test for nerve function. Results of comparing the ELG to age demonstrate loss of nerve conduction with age . The study did not find a significant trend comparing endoscope grading with ELG results.
Implications	The ELG is a useful tool for measuring nerve function, but without further investigation, may not be useful for replacing endoscope grading.


 
 
 

Project Title:	Epidemiology of equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV).
RIRDC Project No.:	UM-40A
Researcher:	Dr Carol A. Hartley and Professor Michael J. Studdert
Organisation:	Centre for Equine Virology, The University of Melbourne
Phone:	03 8344 7375
Fax:	03 8344 7374
Email:	c.hartley@vet.unimelb.edu.au m.studdert@vet.unimelb.edu.au
Objectives	§ To investigate the prevalence of ERBV infection in Australian horses. § To design diagnostic tests for ERBV based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). § To investigate the potential of an ERBV vaccine based on recombinant baculovirus expressed virus-like particles.
Background	In a previous RIRDC project we developed a suite of diagnostic PCRs for endemic equine respiratory disease in Australian horses. While ERBV is recognised as a cause of acute respiratory disease in horses in other countries, no study to confirm its presence in Australia has been undertaken. We planned to investigate the prevalence of ERBV infection in Australian horses and begin developing methods for its diagnosis and control.
Research	The presence of ERBV will be determined indirectly by assaying ERBV neutralising antibody titres in equine serum, since this virus has proven refractory to culture and has not been isolated in Australia. PCR primers based on the only published ERBV sequence will be designed to develop a diagnostic RT-PCR as a more sensitive and rapid alternative to virus isolation in cell culture. To obtain high level expression of viral antigens for use as ELISA antigens and as vaccine candidates we will engineer recombinant baculovirus vectors to express the protein antigens in insect cells.
Outcomes	We have confirmed the presence of ERBV in Australian horses by the detection of ERBV neutralising antibodies in equine serum. Antibodies were most prevalent in horses between 1 and 5 years of age, in particular in the 2 to 3 year old age group. The development of methods for the diagnosis and control of ERBV are therefore required. We have tested a range of primer pairs for suitability in a diagnostic PCR and determined the nucleotide sequence of a range of ERBV strains. Using this information we have designed a final set of primers which should amplify all ERBV strains, despite their genomic variability. Furthermore we have begun to engineer the expression of ERBV virus-like particles which will be examined for their suitability as an ELISA antigen for the detection of ERBV antibodies from equine serum, and for their suitability as an antigen in an ERBV vaccine.
Implications	Viral respiratory diseases of horses are a major cause of economic loss to the industry not only in Australia but throughout the world. Viruses are also recognised causes of serious losses from abortion, perinatal foal mortalities and central nervous system disease. We have identified of the presence of ERBV in Australia. ERBV is a recognised cause of acute respiratory disease in horses. Identification of viruses that cause respiratory disease is the first stage in development of methods for their diagnosis and control. Both a diagnostic RT-PCR to detect the presence of ERBV in clinical samples, and an ELISA to detect ERBV antibodies have been developed to this end. The most efficient means of preventing and controlling virus disease is by vaccination, and preliminary work has begun to develop an ERBV vaccine.


 
 
 

Project Title:	Respiratory diseases in racehorses: role of viruses
RIRDC Project No.:	UMU-22A
Researcher:	Graham Wilcox and Sharanne Raidal
Organisation:	Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150
Phone:	Graham Wilcox 08 9360 2448; Sharanne Raidal 0409 296 417
Fax:	08-9310 4144
Email:	wilcox@numbat.murdoch.edu.au ; sharanne@numbat.murdoch.edu.au
Objectives	· to define the role of viruses in respiratory disease problems in adult horses; · to define any association of EHV2 and EHV5 with respiratory disease.
Background	Veterinarians and trainers associated with the day to day operations of the racing industry are unsure of how to manage horses with infectious respiratory disease. Essential information on the incidence and causes of various infectious and non-infectious respiratory syndromes, and the clinical course associated with each is lacking. The relationship between viral and secondary bacterial infections, the duration of disease with each infectious agent, whether there are any clinical guides or reliable laboratory procedures that might be used to assist in case management, all remain unanswered.
Research	The results of a detailed history, thorough clinical examination, haematology, cytology, bacteriology and virus isolation were evaluated for 84 horses presented for the evaluation of respiratory disease and/or poor performance. Peripheral blood leucocytes were cultured and PCR techniques were used to assess the incidence of latent EHV infection in clinically affected horses and a healthy control population. Virus isolation results from nasal swabs from healthy horses were compared with the results of similar samples from clinically affected horses. Serial samples were obtained from 14 healthy horses to assess the repeatability of virus isolation procedures and to compare co-culture and PCR methods. Serial samples were also obtained from foals and provided evidence of an association between EHV2 and respiratory disease.
Outcomes	· Equine herpesviruses were recovered from respiratory tract samples of approximately half of the adult horses presented for evaluation of respiratory disease and/or poor performance.  · EHV1, EHV4 or EHV2 was detected in respiratory tract samples more commonly in horses with respiratory disease than in healthy horses.  · The prevalence of equine herpesviruses in peripheral blood leucocytes was not different between groups.  · Serial sampling of horses indicated there was some variation in virus detection in the same horses at different sampling times.  · Lower airway disease was the most common problem in horses with respiratory disease and/or poor performance, present in approximately 70% of horses examined.  · EHV2 was associated with respiratory disease and/or poor performance in adult horses, and serial sampling of foals provided evidence of an association between EHV2 and respiratory disease.  · EHV5 was commonly detected in horses but there was no evidence of an association between EHV5 and respiratory disease.
Implications	· The alphaherpesviruses EHV1 and EHV4 were present and clearly associated with respiratory disease in only a relatively small percentage of the study population. · Clinical signs were a useful indication of acute virus infection, but must be evaluated carefully. Laboratory analysis of blood and respiratory tract samples were unreliable guides for the identification of horses with acute virus infection.  · Cytological evaluation of tracheal wash and BAL samples identified a high incidence of lower airway disease in horses from which virus was recovered from respiratory tract samples, as well as in horses in which virus was not detected. Further investigation into the prevalence of this condition in performance horses, as well as the potential causes and optimal treatment of this condition, are clearly desirable. · The association between the gammaherpesvirus EHV2 and respiratory disease and/or poor performance suggests a further examination of the role of this virus as a cause or contributor to respiratory in horses is warranted.
Publications	WANG, L., LITTLE, C., RAIDAL, S., STEELE, C. and WILCOX, G. E. (1998) The association between virus and respiratory disease in racehorses in Western Australia. Second Australian Veterinary Virology Conference. Melbourne 25-27 September 1998. WANG, L., LITTLE, C., RAIDAL, S., STEELE, C. and WILCOX, G. E. (1998) Investigation of the association between virus and respiratory disease in racehorses in Western Australia. Australian Society of Microbiology Annual Scientific Meeting, Hobart, Australia. 27 September – 1 October 1998. WANG, L., RAIDAL, S.L. and WILCOX, G.E. (1999) The incidence of viral respiratory tract infection in horses presented for evaluation of respiratory disease and/or poor performance. Bain-Fallon Conference, Perth, July 26 – 30 (winner Ausrichter Prize, best poster). WANG, L., RAIDAL, S., STEEL, C. AND WILCOX, G.E. (1999) A semi-nested multiplex PCR for the detection and differentiation


 
 
 

Project Title:	Repeatability and Reliability of Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) in the Horse
RIRDC Project No.:	UQ 73A
Researcher:	Ms Jo-Anne Hamilton and Dr John Thornton
Organisation:	University of Queensland
Phone:	07 3365 2917
Fax:	07 3365 1899
Email:	j.thornton@mailbox.uq.edu.au
Objectives	§ To comprehensively evaluate the repeatability and reliability of the BAL technique in the horse. This to be achieved by comparison of two catheters and an endoscope; by the comparison of small and large volume fluid infusions; by observing the effect of repeated lavages and the determination of differences in cell counts carried out by two operators.
Background	Despite the use of BAL over the past 10 to 15 years for the evaluation of respiratory disease in the horse it is still performed with a variety of equipment, with different volumes of infusion fluid and variable conditions of storage and laboratory analysis.
Research	Four horses were used to examine the effect of (a), serial weekly BAL collections from the same bronchus and (b), the volume of instilled fluid (300 ml to left lung and 60 ml to right lung) using a fibre optic endoscope, on the cytology of the aspirated fluid. A further eight horses were used to determine any effect of catheter type and the use of the inflatable cuff on the cytology of the aspirates. In four of the eight the cuffs were inflated and in the other the cuffs were not inflated. The differential cell counts of the BAL aspirates were each carried by two operators to determine any between operator variation.
Outcomes	The volume of fluid retrieved following an infusion of 60 ml was similar (35%) between either of the BAL catheters and the endoscope when using either BAL catheter or the endoscope. The use of large volume infusion (3 x 100 ml) resulted if an enhanced retrieval of fluid; 38% after the first 100 ml, 75.13% after the second and 97.8% after the third for a total retrieval of 70% of the infused fluid. There was no difference in the total number of nucleated cell count between the 60 ml and the first 100 ml infusion while the count was higher after the seconds and third infusions. Also there were no changes in the total or differential cell counts that could be ascribed to the sequence of the sampling. While there were differences in the cell counts between the two BAL catheters, as they were used on different horses, there were no differences between the results for the inflated or non-inflated cuff.
Implications	The results of this project suggest that there is little advantage in using large volume infusions for BAL when 60 to 100 ml of infused fluid provide a relatively consistent aspirate. There appears no effect resulting from the repeated lavage of the same portion of the lung from the use of catheters with or without inflated cuffs. The similar result obtained with the fibre optic endoscope of similar diameter suggests that it is the area reached by the ‘tube’ used for the BAL that influences the results obtained. The residual pathological effects of the repeated BAL infusions, if any is yet to be determined from the histopathological analysis yet to be completed.
Publications	There are no publications to date but the completed project will be published in the appropriate veterinary journal.

4. Nutrition Research-Development Better Ways to Feed Horses
 

Project Title:	Safe and effective grain feeding for horses
RIRDC Project No.:	UNE 62A
Researcher:	Prof. James Rowe
Organisation:	University of New England
Phone:	02 6773 2225
Fax:	02 6773 3275
Email:	jrowe@metz.une.edu.au
Objectives	· To reduce the risk and incidence of problems, related to limelight us and connected with feeding cereal grain, through understanding which in grains on most likely to cause problems and which methods of feed treatment are most effective in reducing these risks.
Background	Feeding grain to horses is common throughout Australia to provide supplementary energy for eventing, racing and when paddock feed is in short supply. Grain is often incompletely digested in the small intestine and the undigested starch passing to the caecum and colon is rapidly fermented to produce acidic conditions and range of serious secondary consequences such as founder. The aim of this project was to identify grains best suited to the digestive capacity of the equine gastrointestinal tract and to develop methods for improving digestible through use of exogenous enzymes.
Research	1. Develop in vitro methods for estimating small intestine starch digestion in the horse and characteristics of fermentation. 2. Screen a range of different grains and a variety of cultivars to identify the most suitable grains for high intestinal digestion. 3. Calibrate and test the in vitro methods for in vivo digestibility prediction. 4. Using in vitro tests developed as part of the project to test various methods of processing to improve intestinal digestion. 5. Test selected grain and processing methods for in vivo efficacy in applied feeding systems.
Outcomes	· An in vitro enzyme based test for predicting and ranking intestinal starch digestion  · Identify triticale as one of the most digestible sources of starch for horses · Confirming the suitability of oats, and particularly low-lignin oat cultivars · Confirm danger of sorghum grain for horses · Identifying the use of NSP enzymes as an effective method of improving the intestinal digestion of wheat grain in horses.
Implications	The results of this project will lead to increased use of triticale grain for horses. This increases the options and improves the safety when feeding grain to horses. We also have a valuable in vitro assay for testing grains for plant breeders and for commercial feed manufacturers that will enhance quality and safety of prepared feeds for horses.

6. Exercise and Metabolic Disease-Optimising Fitness and Reducing Training-Related Disease
 

Project Title:	Health & performance of pony club horses: Phase 1 of a 3 phase project
RIRDC Project No.:	UCS-24A
Researcher:	Petra Buckley, Simon More, Tony Dunn, in partnership with Australian pony clubs
Organisation:	School of Agriculture Charles Sturt University Locked Bag 588 Wagga Wagga 2678
Phone:	02-6933 2426
Fax:	02-6933 2812
Email:	pbuckley@csu.edu.au, s.more@mailbox.uq.edu.au, adunn@csu.edu.au
Objectives	· To gain an understanding of horse health and performance issues from the perspective of the owners of pony club horses · To identify horse health and performance issues of importance to owners of pony club horses · To make a start in effecting positive and sustainable change in pony club communities, and paving the way for successful adoption.
Background	The Australian pony club movement has been a favourite pastime for young Australians since the 1940’s, and nurtured riders towards Olympic Equestrian Gold medallists. Pony clubs are widely recognised as the grass roots for most other equestrian endeavours in this country including racing, eventing, showjumping, dressage, polocrosse, western pleasure and others. Despite their importance, pony club horses have not benefited from research investments into their health and performance, unlike their racing counterparts. By choosing to investigate pony club horses, this study is among the first to investigate a group of Australian pleasure horses. Furthermore, as horse owners play a significant role in their horse’s lives, we felt it was critical to involve them directly in the research process.
Research	During the current phase 1 we conducted personal interviews with members of pony clubs in regional NSW (Wagga Wagga) and metropolitan Queensland (Brisbane). Participants were volunteers and included riders and their parents. Open-ended questions were asked on four main topics. These were the background owners had with horses, value of the horse to its owner, horse health & performance, and pony club related matters.
Outcomes	As researchers, we now have a better understanding of horse health & performance from the perspective of horse owners. We further identified several issues that were of importance to the owners of pony club horses, including horse behaviour (temperament), feeding, founder, sore backs, foot care, dental care, and skin problems (Brisbane).
Implications	Pony club horses are unique and have different research requirements to their much-studied thoroughbred counterparts. These important differences must be taken into consideration when planning future research to ensure that outcomes have relevance to pony clubs. In particular, we are now able to proceed with phase 2 (subject to continued funding), that involves an intensive observational study of pony club horses in their natural environment. Phase 2 is guided by our results from phase 1. Data from phase 2 will provide baseline information about health and performance in pony club horses. In a final phase 3, pony clubs will make decisions on practical solutions to health and management problems affecting pony club horses, and how to best extend this knowledge to the wider community. This will be achieved through a series of intensive discussion groups involving researchers and members of pony club.

8. Improving Racetracks and Working Surfaces for Horses
 

Project Title:	Manual of Racetrack Management
RIRDC Project No.:	PTP-15A
Researcher:	Arthur Stubbs
Organisation:	Unit 58, Level 2 Carlton Clocktower Complex 247-255 Drummond Street CARLTON VC 3053
Phone:	(03) 9844 1135
Fax:	(03) 9844 4554
Email:	akstubbs@compuserve.com
Objectives	§ Production of a reference manual for racecourse staff on all aspects of racetrack development, maintenance and modification, to extend knowledge of best practices for improved racecourse management.
Background	A survey of racecourses in Australia in 1995 (RIRDC Project TGT-1A), and subsequent Racecourse Managers’ Conferences, revealed a wide variation in the level of racetrack management expertise and technical knowledge. A comprehensive manual of racetrack management was proposed, including material from Conference Proceedings, with more detail about some topics, plus other sections covering matters not adequately dealt with at conferences.
Research	A review and editing of published Conference Proceedings was undertaken, including consultation with racecourse managers to guide the scope of the manual. Additional sections were prepared on several subjects not sufficiently covered by conference papers, and contributions sought from persons with particular expertise on some topics.
Outcomes	A manuscript has been produced, with illustrations, graphics and diagrams where needed, for printing and sale by RIRDC.
Implications	This publication will provide a standard reference on latest, best practice options for the fundamentals of racetrack management to increase knowledge and benefits from improvements in track performance, appearance and life, plus associated economic and environmental advantages for racing clubs and the community.
Publications	Racetrack Management - A Manual for Racecourse Managers"


 
 
 

Project Title:	5th Australian Racecourse Managers’ Conference, 2000
RIRDC Project No.:	PTP-16A
Researcher:	Arthur Stubbs
Organisation:	Unit 58, Level 2 Carlton Clocktower Complex 247-255 Drummond Street CARLTON VC 3053
Phone:	(03) 9844 1135
Fax:	(03) 9844 4554
Email:	akstubbs@compuserve.com
Objectives	§ Improvement of inter-club communication and education on issues of racetrack care and maintenance for the development of effective, overall strategies for racecourse management.
Background	A survey of grass racecourses in Australia in 1995, funded by the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), found a wide variation in the level of racecourse management expertise and technical knowledge. In addition, there was a sense of isolation by many racecourse managers and an expressed need for more information relevant to their jobs. This led to Racecourse Managers’ Conferences being held in subsequent years, at Rosehill, Moonee Valley, Doomben, Morphettville, and this year, the 5th Australian Racecourse Managers’ Conference, held in Melbourne on June 5-7,2000, in conjunction with the Millennium Turfgrass Conference.
Outcomes	90 people attended the racetrack management program, including 70 racecourse managers, supervisors and staff from throughout Australia and New Zealand, plus suppliers and consultants to the racecourse industry, research workers and turf specialists. The objective was achieved through delivery and discussion of technical papers relevant to racecourses, workshops on drainage, management and R & D, personal accounts by racecourse managers, inspections of racecourses, and general liaison between racecourse managers and other turf managers and specialists, including suppliers to the turf industry at the accompanying Trade Show. Delegates recommended that a similar forum be organised for 2001..
Implications	The conference will result in increased ability of racecourse managers’ to practise their profession, leading to higher standards of racecourse management. Benefits accrue from improvements in track performance, appearance and life, and associated economic and environmental advantages for racing clubs and the community. The conference also strengthened the resolve of racecourse managers to apply the accepted best practices, modified according to their particular situation, and armed them with the knowledge to justify their actions to the many stakeholders in the racing industry.
Publications	Millennium Turfgrass Conference Proceedings, June,2000 5th Australian Racecourse Managers’ Conference (Supplementary Proceedings) June,2000

9. Other
 

Project Title:	Assessment and Prevention of Toxicity from Indospicine-Contaminated Horsemeat
RIRDC Project No.:	USU-1A
Researcher:	Dr Michael A. Pass
Organisation:	University of the Sunshine Coast  Locked Bag No. 4  Maroochydore DC QLD 4558
Phone:	(07) 5430 2840
Fax:	(07) 5430 2887
Email:	MPass@scuc.edu.au
Objectives	§ The aim of the project was to investigate the mechanism of indospicine toxicity as a basis for assessing risk to consumers of horsemeat
Background	Indospicine is a toxin in the plant Birdsville Indigo. It accumulates in the meat of horses that eat the plant and when that meat is fed to dogs, some animals develop liver disease. Although the horsemeat industry avoids using horses from regions in which the plant grows, there is a need to assess the risk of the toxin to human health. Species differences in susceptibility to poisoning makes it difficult to base human risk assessment on toxicity data from other species but such assessment could be based on determining if the factors responsible to toxicity operate in people. This project was aimed at determining such factors.
Research	The research tested the hypotheses that indospicine poisoning is a result of inhibition of the activity of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase in the liver and that the differences in susceptibility are related to differences in this activity in different species. The results did not support these ideas but did indicate new areas for future research that may provide a basis for human risk assessment. The experiments indicated that there were no differences in the enzyme activity among species and that indospicine did not inhibit the liver enzyme to any great extent.
Outcomes	The results did not support the ideas tested but did indicate new areas for future research that may provide a basis for human risk assessment.
Implications	This research project has investigated the mechanism of indospicine toxicity further and identified new avenues for future research. It is important to determine how this toxin acts and why animals differ in their susceptibilities to poisoning if an assessment of human risk is to be made.
Publications	Pollitt, S, (2001) Residue implications of indospicine. PhD Thesis, The University of Queensland, In preparation