RIRDC Completed Projects in 2000-2001 & Research in Progress as at June 2001

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2.8 WILDFLOWERS AND NATIVE PLANTS COMPLETED PROJECTS
PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION
BAF-1A	Delivering industry a significantly superior double flowering wax by reducing propagation difficulties	Mr George Lullfitz	(08) 9405 1607	Boutique Australian Flora
CCR-1A	Flower 2000 Australian Flower Conference	Professor Les Eastcott	(02) 4323 9587	Central Coast Regional Development Corporation Inc.
DAQ-267A	Publication of 'Rice Flower: production guidelines for growers'	Ms Cynthia Carson	(07) 3286 1488	Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
DAS-45A	Varietal development and disease management of Ixodia achillaeoides for cutflower production	Ms Gail Barth	(08) 8303 9580	South Australian Research and Development Institute
DAV-141A	Leptospermum species as an export cutflower crop	Mr Tony Slater	(03) 9210 9222	Department of Natural Resources and Environment
DAW-76A	The selection propagation and cultivation of golden cascade (Corynanthera flava) for cutflower production	Mr Neville Burton Dr Kevin Seaton	(08) 9368 3220 (08) 9368 3244	Agriculture Western Australia
DAW-89A	Cultivation of blue smokebush (Conospermum spp.) for cutflower production	Dr Kevin Seaton	(08) 9368 3244	Agriculture Western Australia
FEC-3A	Reprint and update of the ‘Australian Flowers’ identification catalogue	Mr Drew King	(03) 9258 6139	Flower Export Council of Australia Inc. (FECA)
FEC-5A	Review of the Statistics that are recorded for the Export Flower Industry	Mr Peter Brooks	(03) 9689 6600	Flower Export Council of Australia Inc. (FECA)
FEC-6A	Workshop to address issues raised in D McKinna's report on the USA and Canadian flower markets	Mr Peter Brooks	(03) 9689 6600	Flower Export Council of Australia Inc. (FECA)
MCK-2A	Study of USA and Canada Flower Markets	Mr David McKinna	(03) 9696 1966	David McKinna et al Pty Ltd
US-89A	Control of postharvest leaf blackening in cut Protea spp. using ethanol vapour	Dr Robyn McConchie	(02) 9514 4104	The University of Sydney
UWA-35A	The breeding biology of waxflowers	Dr Guijun Yan	(08) 9380 1240	University of Western Australia
UWA-46A	Breeding off-season Leucadendron varieties through interspecific hybridisation	Dr Guijun Yan	(08) 9380 1240	University of Western Australia


 
 

Project Title	Delivering industry a significantly superior double flowering wax by reducing propagation difficulties
RIRDC Project No.:	BAF-1A
Researcher:	George A LULLFITZ
Organisation:	Sunregal Holdings P/L T/A Boutique Australian Flora PO Box 34 WANNEROO WA 6065
Phone:	(08) 9405 1607
Fax:	(08) 9306 2933
Objectives	· Increased propagation success rate of superior double flowering wax, thereby enabling more cost efficient multiplication of plants for industry. · Improved documentation of propagation techniques for this unique variety of wax. · Industry focused commercialization of a superior double flowering existing waxflower. · Improved quality and extended flowering and marketing timeframes for waxflower products utilized by the floriculture industry.
Background	Waxflower production accounts for the largest proportion of export native plant flowers from Australia. This unique pink double flowering wax will provide a new and superior variety to industry supplementing existing varieties enabling an extended flowering time. At this time the viable production of this variety has inhibited its release commercially. Investigation is needed in order to find ways of increasing the propagation success rate and therefore make plants available to commercial growers as soon as possible.
Research	This project involved investigations into the propagation of this variety of Chamelaucium uncinatum. This involved the traditional method of cuttings using various auxin treatments, tissue culture and grafting. Different growing media were also trialled. In the time available, cuttings proved most viable using a peat and perlite medium incorporating slow release fertiliser. Tissue culture was included to observe whether it produced any effect on future cutting success rates. Grafting of this variety is possible, but at this time not as economically viable.
Outcomes	Increased multiplication rates of the double wax flower have been obtained using a combination of liquid and powdered formulation of plant hormone. This plant has been successfully introduced into tissue culture, however, will require further development time before the effects of this technique can be assessed.
Implications	This project has enabled the production of plants of this new variety of wax to be multiplied at a greater rate. This variety of wax will now be made available to various selected Growers throughout Australia.


 

Project Title:	Flowers 2000 – The Australian Flower Conference
RIRDC Project No.:	CCR-1A
Researcher:	Flowers 2000 Organising Committee
Organisation:	Central Coast Regional Development Corporation PO Box 3009 TUGGERAH NSW 2259.
Phone:	(02) 4362 3100
Fax:	(02) 4362 3211
Email:	ccoast@ccrdc.org.au
Objectives	· A better informed and educated industry which has access to world wide trends and the latest technology, R&D initiatives and industry advancements.
Background	Flowers 2000 was the first national flowers conference to bring all of the flower industry together to discuss the critical issues and challenges for its future. The conference aimed to increase the profitability, profile, growth and technological advancement of the wildflower industry. The program was prepared to act as a platform for development of inter-industry unity, networks and communications.
Research	The Conference was host to the first National meeting of scientists involved in cut flower R&D in Australia. In planning the Conference and Program, the intention was to integrate the traditional cut flower industry and provide the opportunity for technology transfer to the wildflower industry. The ability to adopt greenhouse production technology to the cultivation of wildflowers was seen as a key step in advancing the status of the wildflower industry. The program’s interactive format was prepared to ensure involvement of all industry members in key discussion areas. It also attempted to integrate the industry psyche by bringing together growers, marketers, service providers, researchers and the floristry trade.
Outcomes	A total of 210 delegates attended Flowers 2000. There were also 18 trade exhibits. Conference Proceedings were published and provided to each delegate as part of their registration. A total of 65 Australian and International speakers informed delegates of up to date technologies and practices. The majority of delegates provided positive feedback and indicated a willingness to move forward as an industry. There was general consensus that the Conference should become a regular event. There were constant opportunities for delegates to network with each other and with trade and industry representatives.
Implications	The Conference provided the platform for further integration and industry co-operation. Industry success will largely be dependent on each section of the industry being willing to continue this interaction and co-operation on an ongoing basis. It is anticipated that future industry conferences will be held on a biennial basis.
Publications	Flowers 2000; The Australian Flower Conference Proceedings Author: Worrall, R. (ed). 2000 ISBN 0 7347 12170 Contacts: Flowers 2000 – The Australian Flower Conference Conference Managers, PO Box 3009, Tuggerah NSW 2259 Phone: + 61 2 4362 3100 Fax: + 61 2 4362 3211 Email: f2000@turboweb.net.au


 

Project Title	Publication of 'Rice flower: Production guidelines for growers'
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-267A
Researcher:	Cynthia Carson
Organisation:	Department of Primary Industries Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences Centre for Amenity and Environmental Horticulture PO Box 327 CLEVELAND Q'LD 4163
Phone:	(07) 3286 1488
Fax:	(07) 3286 3094
Email:	carsonc@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	· To publish a prepared text on the production of rice flower as a commercial cut flower crop.
Background	The text of the book 'Rice flower: Production guidelines for growers' was developed over a number of years from the results of RIRDC research projects DAQ-127A 'Development of rice flower as a cut flower crop' run by the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) and DAQ-171A 'Development of new Asteraceae from the Australian flora to complement the current rice flower industry', a joint project between DPI and Agriculture Victoria. The authors also had the opportunity to gather additional information about the crop prior to and after the period of these projects. Having captured over ten years of data and field experience in a style designed to appeal to growers, financial support was sought from RIRDC to supplement DPI inputs and enable the book to be printed.
Research	At the commencement of the project the book was at the final stage of technical editing. After project approval, the document was professionally edited and proof-read, images were scanned, the text, figures and tables formatted and art work was prepared.
Outcomes	On the 30 March 2001, 800 copies of 'Rice flower: Production guidelines for growers' were printed. The book is sixty nine pages long , has a full gloss colour cover, with thirteen internal colour pages and a reader-friendly formatting style.  The internal pages feature 54 individual colour photographs, which provide visual support to the text. There are twenty one chapters. Topics covered include: botanical description, cultivars, flowering, harvesting, postharvest standards, yield and productivity, propagation and planting material, site selection, culture, pests, diseases and disorders, postharvest handling, marketing, costs and returns,  alternatives to fresh rice flower, planting material suppliers and further reading. The book is available from DPI's bookshop, RIRDC or DPI's GrowSearch Australia (Telephone: 07 3821 3784) for $31.80 plus $3.20 GST, totalling A$35.00 plus postage.
Implications	This book is the last of the rice flower trilogy; encompassing Riceflower: Export opportunities, Rice flower: Integrating production and marketing and finally Rice flower:Production guidelines for growers; making rice flower one of the most heavily documented Australian wildflower crops. This new book and previous books in the series are significant, not only for the flower industry, but also in illustrating some of the complexities involved in new crop development. The information contained in this new publication should actively assist growers, with practical advice on growing and marketing well what can be a difficult Australiannative cut flower species.
Publications	'Rice flower: Production guidelines for growers' (2001), Beal P., Carson C., Forsberg L., and Turnbull L., (69 pp.) Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia.


 

Project Title	Varietal development and disease management of Ixodia  achillaeoides for cutflower production
RIRDC Project No.:	DAS-45A
Researcher:	Ms Gail Barth
Organisation:	South Australian Research and Development Institute GPO Box 397 ADELAIDE SA 5001
Phone:	(08) 8303 9580
Fax:	(08) 8303 9424
Email:	barth.gail@saugov.sa.gov.au
Objectives	· To increase the production levels of Ixodia daisy for export markets by overcoming production based problems currently limiting uptake and expansion of this crop
Background	Ixodia achillaeoides is a wildflower crop which has been bush harvested for many years and cultivated increasingly over the past 20 years. The main objective of this program was to increase the production levels of Ixodia daisy for export markets by overcoming varietal and production based problems which limited its uptake and expansion. To achieve this objective a varietal improvement and disease management program were commenced with the aim of providing improved varieties of Ixodia to industry. The varietal improvement program incorporated: the collection and preservation of varieties used by industry or in previous assessment programs (SARDI), the location and assessment of major native stands throughout SA and Victoria and collection of ‘type’ varieties, collection of variants and outstanding individual varieties in terms of appearance or vigour and a breeding program. By increasing the availability of varieties, this program aimed to: i. extend the harvest period, ii. provide new products for dried and fresh flower markets and iii. improve quality characteristics including stem length, floral appearance, post harvest life and disease resistance. Diseases of ixodia required identification, pathogenicity testing, prioritising and development of control measures to assure that ixodia production can proceed as a profitable venture.
Outcomes	Varietal collection, evaluation, improvement program The results of field performance trials has demonstrated that outstanding cut flower forms originating from Nelson and Adelaide Hills districts were found to be capable of producing the highest yielding plants, best adapted to cultivation conditions. Average total yield of all plants at the main field assessment site was 1352 gr/plant (4.6 bunches) in the first year of harvest and 1341 (3.9 bunches) in the second year. We suggest that varieties requiring more than an average of 20 stems to form a dried bunch are uneconomical to produce and should be replaced by varieties with 12-20 stems per bunch Vegetative growth patterns and flowering was monitored to establish differences between forms and varieties which impact on management practices. Quality characteristics of cultivated ixodia have been defined which will allow for the continued development and selection of improved forms to support the economical production of this crop. The results of post harvest assessment trials suggest that ixodia varieties suited for marketing as a fresh product require vase-life >10 days, stem lengths >40 cm and freedom from stem blackening in water The average vase life of the all plants assessed in the program was 11.3 days with the longest lasting flowers in the range of 15-17 days. Geographic origin proved important, as forms designated Deep Creek and Mt Richmond performed significantly better in keeping-quality trials than all other forms. To date, the early Nelson varieties have been most frequently used as fresh flowers and as a whole these have performed poorly in keeping quality.
Publications	Gail E. Barth and Shona Chinnock, 1999a. Comparisons of yield, quality and floral characteristics of selected and improved cultivars of the Australian wildflower, Ixodia achillaeoides. International Symposium on New Floriculture Crop Development, Chania, Crete, Greece Acta Horticulturae ( in press). Barth, Gail E, and Shona Chinnock, 1999b. Improvement of Ixodia Daisy for Cut Flower Production. Proc. 5th Australian. Wildflower Conf., Melbourne p 27-28. Barth, Gail E. 1998. Ixodia Daisy. Chpt in The New Rural Industries: A handbook for farmers and investors. RIRDC, PO Box 4776, Kingston ACT 2604 p.521-526. Barth, Gail E. 1998. Development of Ixodia achillaeoides as a cut flower crop. Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Dev. of New Floriculture Crops, Perth W.A.. Acta Horticulturae 454: 177-182. Hall, B.H., M.K. Jones, T.J. Wicks, G. Walker and G. Barth. 1996. First report of the diseases of Ixodia achillaeoides in South Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 25:215.


 

Project Title:	Leptospermum as an export cut flower crop
RIRDC Project No.:	DAV-141A
Researcher:	Anthony T. Slater, Mary-Anne C. Blakemore, John D. Faragher, Peter R. Franz, Bret Henderson & Karen Green
Organisation:	NRE / Agriculture Victoria, Knoxfield
Phone:	(03) 9210 9222
Fax:	(03) 9800 3521
Email:	Tony.Slater@nre.vic.gov.au
Objectives	· To develop a range of Leptospermum species with long vase life, novel colour forms and varying flowering times for release as a new cut flower crop for export.
Background	Leptospermum (commonly known as "tea-tree") has been widely used in ornamental horticulture and the majority of cultivars are from selections of L. scoparium. Some of these cultivars have been grown as cut flowers, however, their use has been limited due to a short vase life.  The majority of the remaining 80 species of Leptospermum had not been surveyed for their suitability as cut flowers. There are a number of species that are suitable for cut flower production as they are extremely hardy, fast-growing, floriferous, and have a good vase life. There are a range of flower colours and sizes, stems are showy, and there will be a species in flower between August and April.
Research	The species with cut flower characteristics were identified, and obtained from industry sources and natural populations. In total 247 selections were obtained. These selections were placed into cultivation for assessment. They were assessed for growth, flowering and postharvest characters. Six selections were grown at sites in Victoria and Queensland to compare growth and flowering in these climates. Postharvest treatments were assessed to determine the effect on vase life of cut flowers. The reproductive biology was examined and a breeding program was established.
Outcomes	There was considerable variation in growth rates, foliage characters, flower size and floral display in the selections. For example, flower size varied from 1 to 4 cm diameter, and flower colour varied from white through shades of pink, mauve, purple, red and yellow. The vase life of the selections also varied and 43 selection had a vase life greater than 7 days, and the longest vase life was 15 days. The better species for use as cut flowers include L. ‘Aphrodite’, L. morrisonii, L. ‘Rhiannon’, L. rotundifolium, L. sericeum, L. spectabile and L. turbinatum.  The vase life of cut Leptospermum usually ended with the petals drying out or dropping, and traditional postharvest treatments of germicides, acid, sugar or commercial preservative, did not prevent drying out. Some species were sensitive to externally applied ethylene and dropped petals, and inhibitors of ethylene action, STS and 1-MCP prevented this damage. We recommend species with a long vase life, to cut stems when about 20% of buds are open, and to use good postharvest practices. The reproductive biology of the parent species was determined to maximise the breeding effort. The hybrid breeding program was successful and there are now 586 hybrids from a range of crosses growing in the field. In the spring of 2000 the first early hybrid flowers were produced and a few are showing some exciting traits – large pink ruffled flowers, and late season red flowers.
Implications	This project has shown that there are a number of forms of Leptospermum that are suitable as cut flowers, and good postharvest practices will provide a good vase life. The hybrid breeding program is in a position to produce a number of new and exciting cut flower forms, and is continuing into a second phase. The superior hybrids will be commercially released in collaboration with the commercial partner in the project.
Publications	Slater. T., Henderson. B. & Faragher. J. (1999). Developing Leptospermum as an export cut flower crop. Proceeding 5th Australian Wildflower Conference. pp 29-30.

Project Title:	The selection, propagation and cultivation of golden cascade  (Corynanthera flava) for cutflower production
RIRDC Project No.:	DAW-76A
Researcher:	Kevin A Seaton
Organisation:	Agriculture Western Australia Locked Bag No. 4  Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983
Phone:	(08) 9368 3244
Fax:	(08) 9367 2625
Objectives	· To survey natural populations of golden cascade (Corynanthera flava ) and determine sustainable methods of harvesting. Select commercially desirable forms of Corynanthera flava suitable for cut flower production and develop viable methods of propagation and systems for commercial cut flower production.
Background	Corynanthera flava is a unique species indigenous to Western Australia and is a highly sought flower, valued for its long whispery racemes of small golden yellow flowers which flower in time for Christmas. Corynanthera flava is predominantly bush picked with on average 150,000 stems sold annually. Development of methods for cultivation of this new wildflower offers the opportunity for marketing a regular supply of product of consistent quality.
Research	Research in this project has shown the positive benefit of surveying natural populations of a little known but valuable Western Australian wildflower species. This has yielded information not only about the population dynamics of Corynanthera flava but also provided a basis for making informed judgements on the conservation of this species. Collection of selections and propagation of this species has also helped to conserve the genome and increased the value of the product. New techniques of propagation and irrigation have been investigated for bringing this flower into cultivation. These have a direct relevance to the production of Corynanthera flava and also for the development of other valuable but difficult to manage wildflowers.
Outcomes	The project has worked on a complete package; including selection, propagation, field production systems and postharvest handling methods. There is considered sufficient information for development of a cut flower industry using both cultivated and bush managed stands of Corynanthera flava and therefore the objective of the project has largely been achieved.
Implications	Sustainable methods of managing and picking Golden cascades from private property given certain criteria are now available to the farming industry. Picking from bush stands has had a positive benefit on the conservation of this species, with natural stands becoming a valuable and alternative source of income to farmers. Selections of Corynanthera flava with known characteristics allows proper planning of commercial production in terms of propagation and yield and flowering time. The identification of a high cutting strike rate clones of Corynanthera flava provides an opportunity to consistently supply plants to plantations. Further work is needed to improve survival of plants produced in tissue culture. The use of tensiometers to irrigate this species is beneficial in that it not only takes the guesswork out of irrigation, but also prevents over irrigation and results in considerable water saving of up to 50%. The robust postharvest characteristics of Corynanthera flava with its insensitivity to ethylene makes handling this flower easy. Also the good pack out of the stems offers considerable freight advantage.
Publications	Seaton, K.A. 2001. Golden cascades (Corynanthera falva) for cut flower production. Farmnote. Agriculture Western Australia.


 

Project Title:	Cultivation of blue smokebush (Conospermum spp.) for cut flower  production
RIRDC Project No.:	DAW-89A
Researcher:	Kevin A Seaton
Organisation:	Agriculture Western Australia Locked Bag No. 4  Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983
Phone:	(08) 9368 3244
Fax:	(08) 9367 2625
Objectives	· To develop blue smokebush as cultivated cut flower, providing the wildflower industry with new opportunities to capture a share of the highly profitable cut flower markets previously reserved for exotic flowers, by developing the uniquely blue smokebush (Conospermum spp.), to be sold as a feature filler over an extended season.
Background	Previous research identified blue smokebush as having particular market appeal in the upper end of the export cut flower market. Bush picked blue smokebush material receives a good price on export markets with applications in the high value wedding bouquet and ikebana market. There are also opportunities for blue smokebush to gain a share the valuable statice/gypsophila filler flower market. The opportunity exists to bring a range of different types, forms and flowering times of blue flowered smokebush into cultivation and establish this plant as part of the cut flower industry.
Research	The question of domestication of a new species of wildflower, namely blue smokebush, has been tackled in this project on a number of fronts, all of which are necessary for the process to be successful. This has involved species selection, invitro and cutting methods of propagation, nursery and field establishment, together with field production and postharvest handling. The project has also investigated the acceptance of this new species on export markets.
Outcomes	All these steps have come together with the introduction of a new commercial cut flower. Selection from natural populations has produced several new blue smokebush cut flowers exhibiting a range of characteristics. New tissue culture methods with specific requirements for each species, have been developed to reliably propagate and produce these plants. Production protocols has been finalised for the successful cultivation of these species.
Implications	The project has identified a range of selections of blue smokebush exhibiting different forms and colours, from light blue to dark blue, which flower over an extended period from winter to mid spring. The use of in vitro techniques was found necessary to propagate blue smokebush. Propagation protocols have been developed specifically for blue smokbush species and it is imperative to follow these protocols for plant production to be successful. There is now available a complete package for the field management of blue smokebush, for its successful cultivation, including site preparation, plant establishment in the field, irrigation methods, trellising and pruning strategies. The use of correct posthavest handling and preparation for shipment to markets will ensure flowers arrive in top quality on export.
Publications	Seaton, K. A. 2000. Cultivation of smokebush (Conospermum spp.) for cut flower production. Agriculture Western Australia, Farmnote. No. 110/99.

Project Title:	Reprint and update of the ‘Australian Flowers’ identification  catalogue.
RIRDC Project No.:	FEC-3A
Researcher:	Peter Brooks and Drew King
Organisation:	Flower Export Council of Australia PO Box NFC 515, Melbourne Markets 542 Footscray Road Footscray, VIC, 3011
Phone:	(03) 9258 6150
Fax:	(03) 9258 6112
Email:	feca@netspace.net.au
Objectives	· This project is designed to update and revise a valuable, widely circulated educative tool for all members of the Australian flower and foliages industry. This publication has proved to be, both internationally and domestically, a successful educational product assisting with the identification of Australian flora.
Background	In 1995 FECA, in conjunction with the Japanese Cutflower Importer Association, produced a small pictorial booklet that depicted the range of cut flowers available that were available for export from Australia. This booklet proved very popular and became a widely used reference tool. The booklet was becoming out of date however and was to be updated to better suit the changed industry.
Research	With consultation from flower exporters, the list of flowers was updated to better reflect the range of flowers exported from Australia. These were categorised into sections, being Australian Native Flowers, Exotic Proteaceae and Others, Traditional Flowers, Foliage, and for the first time, Dried and Preserved Flowers. FECA then sourced photographs for all 383 entries. All entries had a photo of the flower listed with their botanical and common names. Other sections in the booklet included an introduction from FECA, information on the care of cutflowers, contact information for exporters and a comprehensive index.
Outcomes	The outcome has been a pictorial booklet that is unique in Australia, reflecting the range of flowers that are produced in and exported from the country. Response to the booklet both domestically and internationally has been very good.
Implications	This booklet is an invaluable reference for Australian flowers, particularly Australian native flowers, allowing increased recognition of the flowers, many of which are not well known either domestically or internationally.
Publications	Flower Export Council of Australia, 2000, "Flowers from Australia – Exporting to the World", F.E.C.A., Melbourne, Australia


 

Project Title:	Review of Statistics that are recorded for the Export Flower Industry
RIRDC Project No.:	FEC-5A
Researcher:	Peter Brooks
Organisation:	Flower Export Council of Australia PO Box NFC 515, Melbourne Markets 542 Footscray Road Footscray, VIC, 3011
Phone:	(03) 9258 6150
Fax:	(03) 9258 6112
Email:	feca@netspace.net.au
Objectives	· To review the statistics that are recorded for export flowers with an aim to set up a system that will be useful to all the parties involved.
Background	For many years, figures that describe the size of the Export Flower Industry have been used in many public forums. During this period, there has been an "awareness" that the figures are not showing a true indication of the industry. The Flower Export Council of Australia has undertaken in three stages, a review of the statistics that are recorded for the Export Flower Industry and from this review has suggested a range of proposals that will set up a system that will be useful for all parties
Research	In Stage 1, investigations into exports of flowers using tonnage instead of $ value has indicated the exports of fresh flowers have almost doubled in the last two fiscal years whereas tonnage of dried flowers has almost halved. Examination of exports by $ value did not show comparable increases. (Brooks 2000) In stage 2, a workshop highlighted the anomalies in the present recording system. The opinions of Industry leaders were sought and recommendations have now been put forward to create a system that will provide a clearer picture of the export industry.
Outcomes	The AHECC categories that are currently used need to be changed to better reflect the composition of the industry. Some categories needs to be deleted as they are rarely used eg mosses and lichens . Some categories need to be split eg Other Australian Species. Some categories need to be joined into one category eg Dried Flowers. In summary, some need to be deleted and some new categories need to be created.  The $ figure that has been recorded for the export industry is not correct. That if it is not possible to obtain correct $ value of exports under the existing ABS AHECC system then consider creating a new method of measuring the $ value of exports.
Implications	The Australian Bureau of Statistics will now be approached and FECA will request a change to the Statistical Codes that are used in the Export Flower Industry. A classification feasibility study will need to be undertaken as a prerequisite to changing any statistical codes.


 

Project Title:	Workshop to address issues raised in D. McKinna’s report on the  USA and Canadian flower markets
RIRDC Project No.:	FEC-6A
Researcher:	Peter Brooks
Organisation:	Flower Export Council of Australia PO Box NFC513 Melbourne Markets 542 Footscray Rd FOOTSCRAY VIC 3011
Phone:	(03) 9258 6150
Fax:	(03) 9258 6112
Email:	feca@netspace.net.au
Objectives	· To hold a workshop to address issues raised in D McKinna’s report on the USA and Canadian flower markets
Background	A study was jointly funded by RIRDC and ISR (Department of Industry Science and Resources) under ISR’s Emerging opportunities program to complete a market research into the USA and Canadian flower markets.
Research	David McKinna was contracted to undertake the "Study of the USA & Canadian Flower Markets" for Native Australian Flowers and Plantation-grown South African Proteaceae. The markets for Traditional flowers was also examined. In the report very important issues have been highlighted.  Key industry partners were invited to a workshop for the official release of the report and to discuss the key findings.  Attendees were then asked to prioritise the key findings.
Implications	With the information contained in the report and with the subsequent discussions and survey of attendees at the workshop, FECA will begin the next stage of addressing these markets with the objective of increasing our exports of flowers and foliages into the United States and Canada.


 

Project Title:	Study of USA and Canada Flower Market
RIRDC Project No.:	MCK-2A
Researcher:	Dr David McKinna
Organisation:	David McKinna et al Pty Ltd Rear 131 Victoria Avenue  ALBERT PARK VIC 3 206
Phone:	(03) 9696 1966
Fax:	(03) 96961965
Email:	dmckinna@labyrinth.net.au
Objectives	To undertake a strategic assessment of the North American flower market for Australian Native flowers and Proteaeceae, with the view to: · Identify opportunities and best prospects for Australia · Understand the distribution chain · Understand how flowers are marketed and promoted  · Identify the constraints and barriers in Australia and performance issues · Identify strategies to manage Australia’s performance in the market
Background	An earlier study commissioned by RIRDC indicated that whilst the potential in North America was good for Australian Native flowers, the industry returns were not nearly as good as other markets such as Japan.
Research	The project involved a field trip to the key flower markets in the USA and Canada to observe the market first hand and hold discussions with key supply member and other stakeholders.
Outcomes	The study found that the bulk of Australia’s trade was predominantly in filler flowers. Overall the market is very price driven because of an oversupply. However, the study identified markets which were less price sensitive and willing to pay a premium for novel or higher quality items. The report outlined strategic issues that growers, exporters, and the industry in total needs to consider. The study concluded that Australia’s trade in the US market is under long term threat, mainly because of competition from South and Central America.
Implications	The Australian industry and stakeholders need to reassess their position and adapt strategies that will reposition their business to avoid head-to-head competition based on price.


 

Project Title	Control of postharvest leaf blackening in cut Protea spp. using  ethanol vapour
RIRDC Project No.:	US-89A
Start Date:	17/4/00
Finish Date:	30/05/01
Researcher:	Dr. Robyn McConchie
Organisation:	The University of Sydney Department of Crop Sciences Woolley Building A20
Phone:	(02) 9351 4332
Fax:	(02) 9351 4172
Objectives	· Development and testing of commercially viable postharvest treatments to reduce the problem of leaf blackening in cut Protea flower species based on gaseous alcoholic applications
Background	Leaf blackening is a serious postharvest disorder in many cut Protea species. Blackening symptoms can occur within 3-5 days after harvest and dramatically reduce the vase life of the stems. It can have a great effect on the marketability of the product. Stems showing blackening symptoms have being sold for less than 50% of the market value of those without blackening (Jones et al, 1995). The cause of blackening is not well understood. Researchers have established the link between carbohydrate stress and the onset of blackening (McConchie et al, 1991) but as yet no preventative control methods have been developed.  It was found by Ghahramani and Scott, (1999) that ethanol vapour successfully inhibited apple scald. Based on these results Crick and McConchie, (1999) conducted similar experiments and found that ethanol vapour applied at a concentration of 5.6g ethanol.kg-1 stem weight effectively kept leaf blackening below 20% for two weeks.
Research	Initial experiments were performed on single stems to ascertain the most effective concentration and duration of application. Further experiments were then trialed on larger quantities on stems. Several application methods were also assessed these included; fumigation in a chamber, addition of ethanol to water solutions and slow release sachets.
Outcomes	Clearly, when gaseous ethanol is applied to Protea stems at around 6.5g.kg-1 stem weight, it is taken up by the leaves and inhibits leaf blackening for between 7 and 18 days under darkness.  With gaseous application of 100% ethanol, the degree of inhibition from experiment to experiment was variable. While in each case the ethanol treatment was better than the control, the optimal concentration between 6.5 and 7.0 g ethanol.kg-1 stem weight varied in the duration of effectiveness as well as the extent to which it is effective. Further work is required to determine an effective method of getting approximately 10m g.g-1 ethanol into the leaves without risk of damage.  Although some of the slow release methods tested were very controlled in the release of ethanol, the quantities released were far too small to be effective in delaying leaf blackening. The AntimoldÒ sachets did release at a rate that was similar to that required for the delay of blackening but the sensitivity of this method of requires very controlled conditions of release and this was not observed with the AntimoldÒ sachets. Trials are continuing with these sachets to determine optimum numbers of stems to treat per sachet. The application of 1% ethanol through vase water seemed most promising in delaying leaf blackening. Unfortunately, although this method did decrease leaf blackening, an unacceptable decline in floral quality was observed. Work in this area will not continue. After testing several methods of ethanol application at several concentrations, further work needs to be conducted to design a reliable method for commercial application. At high concentrations ethanol vapour is toxic to Protea leaves. None of the application method, tested to date can guarantee that leaves will not be damaged. Further work will continue with slow release sachets and understanding the mechanism of blackening inhibition by ethanol.
Implications	Present preventative methods such as keeping stems under lights and adding sugar to the water, should continue to be used until a more effective control method is found.
Publications	Cannon, A. (2001) Leaf Blackening in Proteas. Buds and Bracts. 13 (1) 22-24

Project Title:	The breeding biology of waxflowers
RIRDC Project No.:	UWA-35A
Researcher:	Dr. Guijun Yan
Organisation:	Plant Sciences Faculty of Agriculture The University of Western Australia
Phone:	(08) 9380 1240
Fax:	(08) 9380 1108
Email:	gyan@agric.uwa.edu.au,
Objectives	· To promote the profitability of the wild flower industry through breeding and improvement by making reciprocal intra- and interspecific crosses and by understanding better the reproductive biology of the Chamelaucium alliance using a series of anatomical and cytogenetic approaches.
Background	The waxflower industry forms the backbone of the Australia native flower industry. The growth of the industry depends upon greater diversity and development of new cultivars. A better understanding of the breeding biology will quicken the process of breeding new or novel cultivars for the industry.
Research	Chromosome number of 28 genotypes from 20 different original and secondary populations was examined. Colchicine was applied to waxflower plantlets to double the chromosomes numbers in order to produce larger flowered wax and to restore fertility. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA markers were used to study hybridity of intra- and interspecific crosses. Anatomical study of embryology and pollen pistil interaction was also performed in numerous cross combinations. Early embryo rescue was attempted to overcome hybridisation barriers.
Outcomes	Cytogenetic studies have revealed that both triploid and tetraploid individuals as well as normal diploid exist in waxflowers. Based on this background information, a protocol of doubling the chromosomes in waxflowers was developed in order to restore fertility of wide hybrids. DNA marker studies indicated that Chloroplasts were transmitted from female parents and this has lead to a methodology to parentage of natural and artificial hybrids. Anatomical and embryological observations showed that hybridisation barriers needed to be overcome in order to produce more wide hybrids. Protocol of early embryo rescue was developed to overcome hybridisation barriers.
Implications	This project has shown that a good understanding of the breeding biology can increase the breeding efficiency of waxflower breeding and most of the research results have been adopted by the ongoing breeding programme.
Publications	Yan G, F Shan, J Ma, D Growns, M Webb, J Considine. 1999. Cytogenetic and molecular studies to support waxflower breeding. Oral, 11th Australian Plant Breeding Conference, 1999. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Cunneen S, John Considine, Guijun Yan. 1998. Hybridisation biology within the Chamelaucium alliance. Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators Society. Perth, Australia. 15-17 May Croxford BP, C Newell, JA Considine, Guijun Yan.1998. Improving the in vitro culture of Geraldton Wax (Chamelaucium uncinatum). Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators Society. Perth, Australia. 15-17 May


 

Project Title:	Breeding off-season Leucadendron varieties through interspecific hybridisation
RIRDC Project No.:	UWA-46A
Researcher:	Dr. Guijun Yan, Mr Ben Croxford & Dr. Ralph Sedgley
Organisation:	Plant Sciences Faculty of Agriculture The University of Western Australia
Phone:	(08) 9380 1240
Fax:	(08) 9380 1108
Email:	gyan@agric.uwa.edu.au
Objectives	· To enhance the economic strength of the Australian floriculture industry by assuring the supply of new Leucadendron cultivars through interspecific hybridisation and, to facilitate this process, by understanding the reproductive biology underlying the breeding of this genus.
Background	There are many outstanding species and varieties in the genus Leucadendron, which are important in Australian floriculture industry for its export market. Recent data shows that Leucadendrons are a major export group to Japan, comprising 12.8% of Australian imports, third after Waxflowers and Kangaroo Paws. The beautiful flowers of Leucadendrons and the muted green leaves, tinted with other soft shades, provide a perfect counterpoint as fillers in flower arrangement. However, lacking of new varieties has become a more and more obvious factor hindering the further development of the industry.
Research	In order to develop an efficient Leucadendron breeding protocol, experiments on pollen storage, hybridisation barrier, seed germination and cytogenetics were conducted in this project.
Outcomes	A successful breeding protocol for Leucadendron has been developed. Following this protocol, more than 500 different cross combinations from 140 genotypes of 27 species have been attempted. This has resulted in about 20,000 hybrid seeds. Our germination and early selection results so far suggest that most of these seeds are both viable and true hybrids as they share characteristics from both parents. Altogether, 3,122 hybrid plants have been planted on growers’ properties and are currently being assessed for their cut flower potential. It is hoped that several new varieties will be selected from these hybrids and will be released to the wildflower industry in the very near future.
Implications	This project has shown that a good understanding of the breeding biology can increase the breeding efficiency of Leucadendron and the collaboration of researchers and growers is the key to the success of this breeding program.
Publications	Sedgley R, Croxford BP, Guijun Yan. 2000. Breeding new Leucadendron varieities through interspecific hybridisation. Proceedings of the International Protea Association Conference. Tenerife, Spain. 2-7 April. Yan G, Croxford BP, Sedgley R. 2001. Interspecific hybridisation of Leucadendron. Acta Horticulturae (in press).