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RIRDC Completed Projects in 2001-2002 & Research in Progress as at June 2002
To Pasture Seeds Research in Progress
3.7 PASTURE seeds - COMPLETED PROJECTS PROJECT
NoPROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION Availability of Technical and Economic Information
DAV-169A Practical guidelines for sub clover seed production in south eastern Australia Ms. Angela Avery (02) 6030 4500 Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic) Improved Production Efficiency
DAN-163A Development of new alternative legumes and appropriate weed control technology Mr. Graeme Sandral 02 6938 1850 NSW Department of Agriculture IPB-1A Evaluation of lucerne varieties for seed yield and strategies to enhance seed productivity Dr. Ross Downes (02) 6255 1461 Innovative Plant Breeders Pty Ltd
COMPLETED PROJECTS prior to 2001-2002 PROJECT
NoPROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION Export and Import Replacement Opportunities
Availability of Technical and Economic Information
Improved Production Efficiency
DAV-144A Improved seed production: "Towards 1.5 tonnes" Ms Angela Avery (02) 6030 4500 DNRE Victoria DEB-1A Evaluating and managing lucerne seed wasp in lucerne seed crops Mr James De Barro (08) 8755 3133 De Barro Agricultural Consulting DAV-94A Management of phytophthora root rot in subterranean clover for a viable pasture seeds industry Dr R Aldaoud, W Guppy, Dr S Flett, T Cook (03) 5833 5222 Agriculture Victoria US-75A Occurrence and severity of ‘lucerne yellows disease in lucerne seed crops Dr Geoff Gurr (02) 6369 5551 Orange Agricultural College CMS-1A Strategies to successfully establish and manage a productive dryland lucerne stand M Stanley & R Christinat (08) 8755 1295 Crop Monitoring Services UA-27A Herbicide failure and the need for integrated weed management in legume pasture seed crops Stephen Powles (08) 8303 7237 University of Adelaide DAW-36A Developing effective rhizobial inoculants for lucerne in WA Pedro Evans (08) 9821 3343 Agriculture WA DAS-33A Control of Rhizoctonia Burr Rot of subterranean clover Alan Dube 08) 8226 1877 SARDI ARM-1A Review of weed control in lucerne, medic and sub clover seed crops Charles Kidd (08) 8842 3591 Australian Rural Management Services Pty Ltd DAS-32A Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV) survey in Lucerne and Medic Seed and development rapid tests Evita Alberts (08) 8372 2349 PIRSA Environmental Issues for Industry
HS-1A The development of a more effective harvesting method for shaw creeping Vigna (Vigna parkeri) Mr Bob Campbell (07) 5523 4543 Heritage Seeds Pty Ltd DAQ-148A Improved handling of chaffy grass seeds Dr Donald S Loch (07) 3286 1488 QLD Dept of Primary Industries Support Industry Quality Assurance and Self Regulation
SED-6A Alternative seed certification schemes in Europe and USA for adoption in Australia Max Jongebloed (08) 8231 6675 Seedco
Availability of Technical and Economic Information
Project Title: Practical guidelines for sub clover seed production in south eastern Australia RIRDC Project No: DAV-169A Researcher: Angela Avery Organisation: Agriculture Victoria Rutherglen
RMB 1145 Chiltern Valley Road
Rutherglen 3685Phone: 02 60 304 500 Fax: 02 60 304 600 Email: angela.avery@nre.vic.gov.au Objectives · To increase the profitability, sustainability and the market profile of the subclover seed production industry (including the RIRDC Pasture Seed Program) through the development and publication of production based guidelines. Background Trifolium subterraneum (subclover) is an important legume for farming systems in South Eastern Australia. The subclover seed industry is small when compared to other agricultural industries but is of great importance to Australian agriculture as it supplies affordable, high quality legume seed to many grazing and cropping enterprises. Economic viability and long-term sustainability are major challenges for this industry, with industry analysis revealing increased production costs, declining seed yield and a fall in the number of growers. The continued ability of Australia to produce quality seed at an acceptable price for both the domestic and export markets is critical. Guidelines and benchmarks to support decisions relating to subclover seed production will increase the competitiveness and economic and environmental sustainability of the industry. Before this project there were no guidelines available for the production of subclover for seed production. Research Guidelines based upon information from past and current research, seed certification officers and case studies of leading farmers/enterprises have been developed. Scientists, farmers and industry for accuracy, relevance and practicality reviewed these guidelines before being published. The guidelines detail critical areas for the production of quality seed, for example soil phosphorus levels, weed densities and disease and grazing sequences to optimise seed production. Outcomes/ Implications
The guidelines provide useful information, however in some areas available data and knowledge restricted the detail and further refinement of guidelines. Clearly continued research and development is required to continue to improve efficiency and sustainability of subclover seed production. There is a need to work with subclover seed grower groups on-farm and in-crop to establish benchmarks and useful monitoring programs. While the publication is targeted to subclover growers much of the information will be relevant to all growers of subclover pastures. Improved contribution of subclover to the grazing and cropping industry is likely to build further confidence in this species. Publications The final product of this project was the publication "Practical guidelines for subclover seed production in south-eastern Australia".
Improved Production Efficiency
Project Title: Development of new alternative legumes and appropriate weed control technology RIRDC Project No: DAN-163A Researcher: Mr. Graeme Sandral Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture
Agricltural Insttitute, PMB
WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2650Phone: 02 6938 1850 Fax: 02 6938 1809 Email: Graeme.sandral@agric.nsw.gov.au Objectives · To develop weed control options for new alternative annual legume species released from the National Alternative Annual Legume Improvement Program. Weed control options identified will ensure high seed crop yields and purity and assist with species adoption. · To select legumes suitable for direct heading to reduce harvest costs and environmental damage caused by vacuum harvesting procedures. This will reduce seed costs and enhance species adoption.
· To significantly expand the range of annual legumes available for seed production by selecting new species and cultivars suitable for domestic and overseas markets and problem soils and climates in Australia.
Background The project tackled three problems associated with the annual legume seed industry. The first two are closely related and focus on developing new annual legumes that can be direct headed using a header harvester and on the development of new cultivars to increase market diversification. The problem is that all sub clover and annual medics seed crops have to be vacuum harvested which causes considerable soil erosion and structural degradation. To avoid this and increase market diversification new products are required that can be header harvestable and become new choices for seed crop production. The third problem relates to weed control in commercial seed crops and pasture paddocks. To control invading weeds herbicides are often used however considerable herbicide damage can occur to the sown legume. To avoid this knowledge is needed on the phytotoxicity of a range of herbicides that are used on commercially sown annual legumes.
Research A series of experiments were established to identify header harvestable annual legumes. This research was completed in close association with the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program (NAPLIP). In addition a large number of experiments were undertaken to identify the herbicide toxicity of various herbicide by cultivar combinations. Outcomes Two cultivars have been developed and released from the efforts of this project and the NAPLIP. The two cultivars are Frontier balansa clover, and Prima gland clover. Both cultivars are header harvestable. Frontier was commercially available last year (2001) and Prima gland clover is commercially available this year (2002). A large database of information has also been generated on the phytotoxicity of annual legumes to a range of broadleaf herbicides. This information will be analysed during 2002 with the aim of releasing the information in the Weed Control in Lucerne and Pastures 2003 booklet.
Implications Information on herbicide phytotoxicity will ensure any unnecessary legume seed crop losses are avoided through better knowledge of likely non-target plant damage with herbicide application. In addition herbicide use in pasture systems will be better target to ensure any unnecessary plant losses are avoided. The new cultivars Frontier and Prima are new legume seed crops that can be direct headed. They provide new seed crop options for seed growers and importantly do not require vacuum harvesting and hence environmental soil degradation is avoided.
Publications Anticipated publication of herbicide phytotoxicity results will occur in the Weed Control in Lucerne and Pastures 2003.
Project Title: Evaluation of lucerne varieties for seed yield and strategies to enhance seed productivity RIRDC Project No: IPB-1A Researcher: Dr Ross Downes Organisation: Innovative Plant Breeders
PO Box 256
Hawker ACT 2614Phone: 02 6255 1461 Fax: 02 6278 4676 Email: rdownes@ipbaustralia.com Objectives · To identify lucerne varieties with the greatest yield potential; to identify genetic and environmental factors related to low seed production; and to advise breeders of attributes which positively affect yield potential. Background Lucerne seed production makes an important contribution both to exports, and for hay and pasture production. However there is variation among varieties in yield and reliability of seed production and seed growers have no way of determining which varieties are best, and how production can be made more reliable. There is also a discrepancy between average seed yields and superior production obtained by experienced growers. Research In studies at Keith and Forbes, many varieties were evaluated. It was concluded that an ideal variety would be one which contains many plants which have flowers which ‘trip’ readily, and produce large numbers of pods quickly. Observation revealed that seed yield is limited by sub-optimal plant numbers, and modified by such management factors as irrigation timing and pest control. Seasonal conditions, particularly rain at flowering time, have major effects on pollination, fertilisation and seed production. Lucerne varieties are variable, containing many unproductive plants but there is ample variation in lucerne for the development of varieties capable of high seed yield. Outcomes Evaluation of varieties for seed production in seed production districts would assist in identification of varieties with high yield potential. If fields contain adequate numbers of plants, seed yield potential is optimised. If crops are staggered so that risks imposed by rain at flowering time are minimised, losses will be reduced. There is cause to compare the potential of irrigated spring crops and traditional irrigated summer seed crops, particularly with respect to yield and water use efficiency. If breeders include seed yield among selection criteria, higher yielding varieties can be produced and profitability of seed production will be increased. Implications Increased seed production can be expected and profitability can be increased by use of appropriate varieties. Yield can be increased by development of varieties that do not require pollinating insects for seed production. Irrigated and dry land spring crops offer prospects for substantial increases in area devoted to lucerne seed production. Publications Downes, R. W. 2001. An evaluation of lucerne varieties and strategies to enhance seed yield. RIRDC Publication No 01/ Completed Projects – prior to 2000-2001
Export and Import Replacement Opportunities
Project Title: Determine international standards for disease testing of lucerne seed RIRDC Project No: SAR-25A Researcher: Dr. Kathy Ophel Keller Organisation: South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)
Field Crops Pathology Unit, Waite Campus
GPO Box 397
URRBRAE SA 5001Phone: (08) 8303 9368 Fax: (08) 8303 9393 Objectives · Development of accredited protocols for bacterial wilt pathogen of lucerne seed. Background The export trade in lucerne seed is worth $12 million pa in Australia. All importing countries require declarations of freedom from bacterial wilt. All importing countries use tests of varying standards to accept or reject shipments. The lack of international standards for bacterial wilt (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus) or Verticillium wilt of lucerne exposes seed companies to potentially large losses if a shipment is rejected. The International Seed Health Initiative (ISHI) was formed by the Seed Trade Federation (FIS) to standardise disease testing and remove restrictions based on non-acceptance of disease test standards between countries. An ISHI Technical Committee was formed in 1998 to standardise testing for herbage and grass seeds. Lucerne is the first seed crop to be evaluated. There are two objectives for lucerne: To establish standards for Bacterial Wilt and Verticillium Wilt, and to select the test most suitable for routine use by testing laboratories.
Research In 1999/2000 the Technical Committee evaluated three selective media for bacterial wilt and the ELISA test developed by SARDI (SAR10A). The group also examined variation between Cmi strains internationally and commenced a comparison of methods for Verticillium wilt testing. SARDI participated in evaluation of all protocols and coordinated the evaluation of the ELISA test. Outcomes The SARDI ELISA test worked well in 3 out of 5 laboratories. It was evident from the ELISA and media kit ring testing that stability of reagents and cultures shipped overseas is an issue. There will be continuing work to stabilise reagents to finalise adoption of the ELISA test for bacterial wilt. Implications Acceptance of the test by the International Seed Testing Association will facilitate lucerne seed export. Publications Method validation by ringtesting to establish international standards for seed testing: a case study. J Gooden, DA Samac, D Caffier, K Ophel Keller and J. Sheppard. Poster presentation. International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (PPB2000).
Project Title Development of a bacterial wilt test to facilitate the export of lucerne seed RIRDC Project No: SAR-10A Researcher: Dr. Kathy Ophel Keller Organisation: Field Crops Pathology Unit, South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) Phone: (08) 8303 9368 Fax: (08) 8303 9393 Objectives · A specific and rapid detection assay for bacterial wilt of lucerne will be developed. Background The lucerne seed industry has a total value of $8 to $10 million pa. All countries importing lucerne seed require declarations of freedom from bacterial wilt. Bacterial wilt of lucerne is caused by Clavibacter michiganense subsp. insidiosus (Cmi). Existing methods of detecting the pathogen are unreliable because they are based on plating of bacteria and subsequent visual examination of bacterial colonies. The bacterium is very difficult to isolate on growth media. A test was required which would be more sensitive and reliable and did not require plating. Research The research project has developed an ELISA-based detection for Clavibacter michiganense subsp. insidiosus, (Cmi), the causal agent of Bacterial Wilt in lucerne, in seed. Outcomes The availability of a test for bacterial wilt will facilitate export of lucerne seed. The test developed in this project will be tested against other methods of bacterial wilt detection as part of an International Seed Health Initiative aimed at standardisation of seed testing internationally. Implications Availability of the test and acceptance of the test by the International Seed Testing Association will facilitate lucerne seed export. Publications International Seed Testing Association/ International Seed Health Initiative Comparative Test Plan: Bacterial Wilt of Lucerne. Published on ISTA Web Site.
Export and Import Replacement Opportunities
Project Title Seed production of creeping vigna RIRDC Project No: SBS-1A Researcher: Dr Donald S. Loch Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries
Redlands Research Station
PO Box 327
CLEVELAND Q 4163Phone: (07) 3286 1488 Fax: (07) 3286 3094 lochd@dpi.qld.gov.au Objectives In relation to Vigna parkeri, · to document development and seed production of seed crops; · to determine environmental factors controlling flowering, and to explore possible manipulation of flowering in seed crops;
· to develop appropriate commercial seed production strategies and methods, including defoliation and irrigation practices and herbicide use;
· to enhance field establishment by developing effective methods for reducing hardseededness; and
· to evaluate seed production characteristics of Vigna germplasm approaching release.
Background Vigna parkeri (creeping vigna), a cool-growing highland tropical legume from East Africa, is well adapted to the humid Australian subtropics (>1100 mm rainfall annually). Its growth habit - combining a stoloniferous mat with twining lateral ‘vines’ - ensures that it is very persistent under heavy grazing, and allows it to form stable and productive mixed pastures with a range of grasses including strongly competitive species such as kikuyu, setaria and signal grass. The cv. Shaw (released in 1984) is recognised as the premier summer legume for dairy pastures in coastal southern Queensland and northern NSW, but its widespread commercial use is constrained by seed availability. Research The pattern of vegetative and reproductive development, and the progressive production and loss of seed in a commercial crop of cv. Shaw were recorded. The effects of day-length and moisture stress on flowering were investigated in controlled environment experiments. Pre- and post-emergence herbicides (for selective control of broadleaf and grass weeds) were screened in glasshouse and field experiments. The effectiveness and reliability of different methods of reducing hard seed levels were assessed. Seed production characteristics of promising new Vigna accessions were assessed under nursery conditions Outcomes ‘Shaw’ did not respond to short-day conditions under controlled environment conditions, and both high temperatures and moisture stress were detrimental to plant growth. The safest herbicides for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds are the imidizolinones (imazethapyr, imazaquin), bentazone, acifluorfen and flumetsulam, but there is the risk of some stunting of V. parkeri seedlings. The strategic use of selective grass herbicides at sub-lethal rates in late summer/early autumn was investigated to manipulate the level of the grass component in mixed swards for maximum seed production potential. In wet years, Colletotrichum and Rhizoctonia spp. can devastate maturing seed crops. Hot water treatment (20 minutes at 70°C) was the most effective means of reducing hard seed levels.
Implications V. parkeri is best grown for seed mixed with a grass (eg. Pennisetum clandestinum), which can be slowed down by a sub-lethal dose of herbicide (haloxyfop, sethoxydim, etc) in January to provide a strong leafy canopy for flowering. It should not be cut back during the heat of summer, and requires good soil moisture throughout the growing season to develop a strong vegetative framework prior to flowering in February-March. Flowering in cv. Shaw appears to be triggered by a significant rainfall event once the temperature falls consistently below a temperature threshold, though the field behaviour of a second blue-flowered line (CPI 100846) is suggestive of a short-day response. Publications Wade, J. (1999) Optimising the conditions for growth and reproductive development of Vigna parkeri, a sub-tropical legume. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, Department of Botany, University of Queensland. 30 pp.
Project Title Development of export markets for cold-tolerant annual medics RIRDC Project No: DAS-31A Researcher: Dr Ian Kaehne Organisation: Northfield Research Laboratories
GPO Box 1671
ADELAIDE SA 5001Phone: (08) 8266 8333 Fax: (08) 8261 4688 Objectives To develop export markets for cold-tolerant annual medics by: · further demonstrating that cold-tolerant cultivars with export potential can be economically grown in Australia · consolidating and servicing an established overseas network of collaborators who are testing the adaptation of cold-tolerant medics in target countries
· supporting product development and encouraging evaluation of farming systems for using medics in target countries
· developing those procedures which will achieve further product improvement.
Background Annual medics were developed in southern Australia for use in pastures and in ley farming systems in conjunction with cereal crops. Since the 1970s, this practice has also been advocated in the Mediterranean and Western Asian regions of the Old World and, as a result, significant quantities of Australian medic seed has been exported to these regions. Most Australian medic cultivars have been developed from naturalised introductions or by screening accessions from overseas, and all have been developed in the Mediterranean type environment of southern Australia. In export destinations, except for certain areas, the lowest extremes of winter temperatures are generally lower than in southern Australia. In these areas having colder winters Australian cultivars often failed because they were killed or severely damaged by frost. Consequently, in the early 1980s the export of Australia cultivators contracted as customers found that they were poorly adapted to frost-prone areas.
The redevelopment of the export industry therefore required the identification of genotypes of annual medics which were adapted to the frost regimes which would be expected in target areas, and which also would have seed yielding capability so that they could be produced economically for export.
Research In Australia sites were established at Mallala and Yongala in SA, to determine levels of seed production and the grazing tolerance of the various cultivators and lines selected for evaluation. Mallala is a centre for medic seed production, and Yongala is a potential centre but is sometimes subject to severe frosts. From 1991 to 1993 various lines and check cultivators were also evaluated at La Fage in southern France, and at Tulake in northern California, USA. Attempts to evaluate material in north Africa were frustrated by drought (morocco), and civil unrest (muslim fundamentalism in Algeria).
Outcomes As a result of testing both in Australia and overseas, a short list of thirteen genotypes from five species of Medicago have been chosen for further commercial assessment by the commercial partner, Seedco. Three of the species have not previously been advanced for commercial consideration in Australia. Implications There is strong commercial interest in this project from around the world. It is difficult to predict what the demand for seed will be, but a realistic estimate is 1000 tonnes per annum for markets not currently supplied with Australian cultivators. One of the strong features of this project has been the close involvement of the commercial partner, Seedco who bring considerable experience in developing export markets.
Project Title Development of Four Fodder Legume Seed Species for Export RIRDC Project No: SED-3A Researcher: Dr Ross W Downes Organisation: SEEDCO
78 Burbridge Rd
HILTON SA 5033Phone: (08) 8234 9333 Fax: (08) 8234 6133 Objectives · To develop suitable varieties of fodder legumes so that seed can be produced in Australia for export as sowing-seed. Background In this program, varieties of species important in Europe have been modified so that high yields of quality seed can be produced by Australian seed-growers with minimal use of chemical sprays. The disease-resistant varieties that have been developed can also be used by Australian farmers interested in exporting quality hay to Asian markets. Research The four species of fodder crops are: Trifolium alexandrinum (berseem clover), T. resupinatum (Persian clover), Vicia villosa (woolly-pod vetch) and V .sativa (common vetch). The research approach varied with species, but involved hybridisation, various forms of selection and progeny testing, and evaluation. Much of the research was conducted on commercial seed farms to ensure that the varieties produced are well adapted to the seed-growing environment. Outcomes For Persian clover, two varieties, ‘Laser’ and ‘Leeton’, from this program are in commercial production. They have high yields of seed and are rust-resistant so that fungicides are not required. For the other three species, seeds have been sown for increase so that varieties will be released for commercial use in 1995 and 1996.
Project Title Development of alternative pasture legumes for use in medium rainfall agricultural regions with untapped subsurface water, and to enhance product range in the seed and rhizobial inoculant export markets RIRDC Project No: DAW-50A Researcher: Dr. S.J. Carr Organisation: Agriculture WA/CLIMA
Locked Bag No. 4,
BENTLEY DELIVERY CENTRE WA 6983Phone: (08) 9368 3870 Fax: (08) 9367 2625 Objectives · To develop new deep-rooted herbaceous legume species and their root nodule bacteria adapted to the sandy and duplex soils common in medium rainfall regions of southern Australia. These species will exploit excess subsurface moisture and thereby reduce waterlogging and secondary salinity. They will increase on-farm productivity by extending the effective growing season, and their development will be exploited by the seed and inoculant export industries to expand product range in Europe and North Africa. Background The underlying concept was to identify species able to remain green for extended periods during late spring/early summer when rainfall in Mediterranean climates declines. Our assumption is that such pasture plants are able to use a higher proportion of the incident rainfall, an important consideration in decreasing the rate of secondary salinisation. Another selection criteria pertained to seed production. Historically pasture species such as sub-clover have been suction harvested in a slow, environmentally damaging and certainly non-sustainable process. We aimed to select species with high seed yielding capacity and that does not require suction harvesting. Research The research conducted was split between standard field evaluation of known pasture plants (eg. crimson clover) used in Mediterranean regions, and more basic research to identify new species with the attributes we considered desirable (eg. Biserrula pelecinus). In meeting the selection criteria we had set, we concluded the plant ideotypes we were targeting were generally more suited to ‘cut and carry’ types rather than regenerating farming rotational pasture species. Hence, we were not constrained by attempting to fit in with parameters such as conventional hard seed levels. Outcomes Three new pasture legumes (Trifolium vesiculosum cv Cefalu; Trifolium incarnatum cv Caprera and Biserrula pelecinus cv Casbah) and a specific rhizobial inoculant for each cultivar were commercialised during the final stages of this research program, and the commencement of a related fodder project (UWA-30). Several other species with commercial prospects were also identified, and are subject to further evaluation. Implications The transition of these three new pasture legumes into commerce has recently commenced. Unlike new varieties of standard pasture species like subterranean clover which blend immediately into current management systems, these new products require additional support. The ultimate success in increasing the profitability and sustainability of agriculture in Mediterranean regions will rely heavily on appropriate developmental support from government, seed industry representatives and private agronomists.
Availability of Technical and Economic Information
Project Title: A model for expansion of the Australian domestic temperate pasture seed market RIRDC Project No: DAV-106A Researcher: Mr Peter Schroder Organisation: Rural Consulting
2 Rippon Road
HAMILTON VIC 3300Phone: (03) 5572 3825 Fax: (03) 5572 3828 Email: pandjschroder@bigpond.com Objectives · · To develop a promotional model that will double the demand for pasture seed in temperature Australia where grazing is the main enterprise.
Background Australia produces about 28,000 tonnes of pasture seed annually with an estimated value of $67 million. Certified temperate pasture seed production statistics from 1980 – 81 to 1992 – 93 show a stagnant market situation. A National Seed Industry Workshop held in Canberra in 1990, which was funded by RIRDC, identified improving market penetration as one of six priority areas. The future viability of the pasture seed industry depends on action being taken on this. ‘Growing’ the domestic pasture seed market is particularly attractive as the infrastructure is already in place. This means expansion can be achieved quickly, at a relatively low cost and with minimal risk. The goal will not be achieved by tinkering around with product, price, promotion and place. Research The project involved five integrated steps: Qualitative market research, from which flowed a model.
Implementation of the model over 2 years.
Evaluation of the impact of the implementation.
Quantify the size and attitudinal profile of the different market segments identified.
Testing, in other regions, to verify the validity of the model.The first 4 steps were done in one district in south west Victoria. The fifth step involved work in several other ares in Victoria and with one rural merchandise group.
Outcomes The strongest impression gained from the qualitative research was graziers lacked a detailed understanding of the system they managed and the key drivers of its profitability. Two main groups were identified – intensive and extensive graziers. The intensive group had a productivity orientation, aimed to run their enterprise as a business and were comfortable working with anyone who may be able to help them. The extensive group focussed on reducing costs, over coming problems and relied heavily on rural merchandisers for information. Peers influenced decisions in both groups but this was particularly strong in the extensive group. Over 2 years 5 groups of intensive graziers were taken through a program by the author that challenged them to take a managing directors view of their business and to identify it’s key profit drivers. In this time 3 groups of intensive graziers were taken through a program, in their paddocks, by a rural merchandiser, to solve a problem which was of concern to them.
Evaluation of the program found there had been a significant change in the way pastures were considered by both groups. These changes flowed through into increased sales of pasture related inputs. Testing parts of the model in other areas indicated it could be applied successfully with very little modification. Discussions with rural merchandisers added further to this belief.
The quantitative research in the main study are found 35% of graziers fitted into the intensive group, 21% into the extensive group and would be receptive to the program and 46% were unlikely to ever become more interested in pastures no matter what approach was taken.
Implications Change to the consumption of pasture seed will be largely determined by the actions taken by local service providers to the grazing industry. It is recommended that an extension program be put in place to sell the vision flowing from this project to these providers and ensure they have the knowledge, skills and follow up support required to get local programs well established. The follow up support is crucial because of the sharp change in mind set required by all these providers. Publications Schroder, P M, (2001). A model for expansion of the Australian domestic temperate pasture seed market. RIRDC Publication No: Forthcoming. Schroder, P M, O’Keeffe, M J and Marks, N L (1997). A model to double the demand for temperate pasture seed in Australia. Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding, 45 (1) pp 81–87.
Schroder, P M and O’Keeffe, M J. (1997). Getting more people to sow more pasture more often. 2nd Australasia and Pacific Extension Conference, Albury November 1997. Pp 541-546.
Project Title A study of the costs of production of lucerne, medic and clover seeds RIRDC Project No: HAS-5A Researcher: Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd Organisation: Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd
GPO Box 4625, Sydney, NSW, 1044Phone: (02) 9241 5655 Fax: (02) 9241 5684 Objectives · To provide an overview of the industry, analyse the costs of production, identify the role of environmental regulation and identify future research priorities for the industry. Background The production of temperate pasture seeds in Australia is diverse. In addition, the pasture seed industry within Australia has also been subject to significant changes in recent years. Detailed information is not available on the costs of production, assembly and distribution. This information is essential for providing some benchmarks to allow individual growers to gauge their performance and also to guide future directions for research and development (R&D). Research This report was developed from available literature, the views of industry representatives and the results of a survey of forty pasture seed producers across Australia. Costs of production were analysed by species, State and by production method (irrigation vs dryland). Outcomes a) Profile: The annual value of production for temperate legume pasture seeds in 1999 was estimated to be $28 million. Production is highest in SA, then Victoria, NSW and WA. There are about 640 certified producers in these four States. b) Annual costs of production: ranged from $386/ha (medics) to $661/ha (lucerne). Costs were lowest in WA. Key cost components were irrigation (where relevant), growing and harvesting costs.
c) Environmental Regulation: none specific to pasture seed producers. Priority environmental issues included: minimising soil damage from harvesting, developing integrated management models, minimising inputs of pesticides and improving water use efficiencies.
d) Priorities for future research: improving efficiency and effectiveness of chemicals, improving harvest technology, decreasing seed testing and certification costs, and researching new marketing opportunities for products.
Implications This project provides a basis for future R&D as well as providing data that can be used by producers in benchmarking their costs of production. Publications Hassall & Associates (1999) A study of the costs of production of lucerne, medic and clover seed in Australia, Full report and Short Report, prepared for RIRDC
Project Title Pasture establishment and management publication RIRDC Project No: KDI-7A Researcher: Mark Casey Organisation: Kondinin Group
177 Great Eastern Highway
BELMONT WA 6104Phone: (08) 9478 3343 Fax: (08) 9478 3353 Objectives To survey farmers on their current pasture practises · To collate information on innovative methods of pasture establishment, renovation and management · To publish a 300-400 page manual on the topic
Background Pastures are an integral part of Australian farming, and considerable research in directed at solving various pasture problems. New establishment and management strategies are being adopted by farmers, but much of the information resulting from pasture research does not effectively reach the farmer. Surveys have shown that younger farmers particularly, do not have the knowledge on pasture issues that their fathers had. This has lead to a general failure to maintain soil fertility levels under pastures, and to inadequate control of pests and diseases; a failure to replace pastures which have degenerated; and, a failure to adopt sustainable grazing practices.
The publication resulting material (case studies on successful practices etc) was produced as a pasture manual.
Research Following surveys of farmer practices in relation to pasture establishment and management, topics were identified on which contributions could be made by pasture experts in the various fields being considered. The resulting material, (case studies on successful practices etc) was produced as a pasture manual. Outcomes This project has resulted in a high quality book of some 435 pages, which has been well accepted by the farming community. Implications This book provides, in easily accessible format, all the information which is needed for farmers to establish and maintain pastures in all the temperate regions of Australia. Its use should result in more profitable animal production, and the improvement of crop yields (particularly of grain crops). The information provided should allow the better establishment and management of a wide range of pasture types, and should arrest the decline in general knowledge of pastures which is currently so clearly lacking in younger farmers.
Project Title Lucerne seed check: a management support system approach to improving lucerne seed profitability RIRDC Project No: DAN-75A Researcher: R B Walker Organisation: NSW Agriculture
161 Kite Street
ORANGE NSW 2800Phone: 063 913 174 Fax: 063 913 605 Objectives · To increase the rolling average of lucerne seed yield in the Lachlan Valley. Background A potential existed to expand existing markets for lucerne seed at a state, national and international level. By accelerating the adoption of seed production technology, growers would be able to increase seed yields through the efficient use of inputs, improving the long term prospects of the industry in the Lachlan Valley and making a valuable contribution to the New South Wales economy. Research Through consultation with seed growers a management support system was developed encompassing current technology providing management targets to achieving maximum economic seed yields. A paddock recording diary of key checkpoints was also developed. During the term of the project growers were expected to utilise the accompanying resource information compiled as an aid in making their management decisions. They were also encouraged to monitor their crops regularly, recording details of field observations, inputs and outputs in the recording diary.
At key checkpoints, growers were expected to participate in group field inspections and workshops. With the aid of visiting specialists and members of the team, growers were assisted in meeting crop management targets in line with the established checkpoint approach. Seed growers were also encouraged to have an input into the progress of the project.
Participating growers were assembled at the end of each season to discuss the results and reasons for varying seed yield and crop profitability. Opinions would also be sought on the format of paddock recording diaries. When undertaking scheduled field observations seed growers were asked to record data and management strategies for analysis at the end of each year.
Implications The project has resulted in better insect management by growers. A change in the insecticides used and their pattern of use has led to savings to growers whilst reducing the impact on beneficial insects and pollinating honey bees. Tentative economic thresholds and a method of monitoring seed crops has been established. An outcome of the project is the acknowledgment by growers that plant densities of 15-20 plants per square metre is most desirable in the Lachlan Valley when establishing lucerne specifically for seed production.
More than 60% of growers now undertake both winter and spring weed control programs and are able to correctly identify weeds. Seedgrowers now also have a better understanding of crop pollination and pollinating honey bees.
A "Water Watch" service has been established and is supported by a resource information booklet compiled by the team. The adoption of the use of the "Water Watch" service, improved irrigation management techniques and the fostering of a commercially available Neutron probe irrigation scheduling service has been an important outcome of the project.
Growers understand that to harvest quality seed a lucerne seed crop needs to be free of weeds and sufficiently mature before commencing seed harvest. Failure to have a crop in the correct condition at harvest may lead to increased mechanical damage of seed which reflects on the quality of seed placed on the market. A major achievement of the project has been the acceptance by seedgrowers that most factors contributing to achieving high yields are controllable.
Project Title Development of rapid biochemical methods for the identification of medic cultivars RIRDC Project No: DAV-57A Researcher: Martin Mebalds & James Woodward Organisation: Institute of Horticultural Development Private Bag 15
SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176Phone: (03) 210 9226 Fax: (03) 800 3521 Objectives · To develop electrophoretic ‘finger-prints’ capable of differentiating between ‘look-a-like’ cultivars of annual medics. Background Some of the newer and superior cultivars of annual medics are morphologically indistinguishable from older, agronomically different cultivars. If the benefits conferred to pastoral industries through development of these elite cultivars are to be exploited and sustained, then methods need to be developed for distinguishing between these ‘look-a-likes’ The aim of this research has been to develop electrophoretic ‘finger-prints’ to distinguish between cultivars. The procedure should be rapid, inexpensive, and lend themselves to automation. The technology should benefit the producer, and ultimately, the pastoralist end user of the seed, by the ease and cost effectiveness with which the ‘finger-prints’ might be generated. The maxim caveat emptor will always be with us, but seed certification and the ability, when necessary, to quickly identify seed will afford considerable protection to the buyer.
Research Electrophoretic tests were developed for a range of cultivars of annual medics. Outcomes Successful tests were developed for a distinguishing cultivars of annual medics in eight different mixtures, each containing two cultivars. An illustrated manual outlining the procedures for electrophoretic identification of these major cultivars has been produced. Implications Those concerned with the need to identify morphologically indistinguishable cultivars of annual medics, now have a reliable, established technique for doing so biochemically. A manual describing the procedures is available for their use. Application of this technology in seed certification procedures will extend the useful number of years paddock may be used in the production of certified medic seed. Publications Woodward, J. Electrophoresis Manual to assist in Annual Medic Mebalds, M.I (Medicago sp.) Seed Identification (1993) Department of Agriculture Victoria
Project Title Developing an agronomic package to maximise profitability of sub clover seed crops RIRDC Project No: DAN-76A Researcher: Dr Jim Virgona Organisation: NSW Agriculture
Agricultural Research Institute
WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2550Phone: (02) 6938 1999 Fax: (02) 6923 0809 Objectives To identify key agronomic and management factors limiting seed yield in subterranean (sub)clover seed crops; · To devise and implement a management package to assist growers in maximising yield and profitability · To identify priorities of future R&D into sub clover seed production
· To collate and summarise existing knowledge on sub clover seed production as a basis for recommendations
Background Sub clover is the predominant legume component of pastures in southern Australia. The production of quality seed is vital to its success as a component of pastures and to the introduction of new superior cultivars. Australia grows all its sub clover seed and even exports a small amount. However, the sub clover seed industry is relatively small and technological problems encountered by growers have rarely been addressed. Yields vary widely within the industry (in NSW from 200-1000 kg/ha) and the reasons for this are not clear. Moreover, yields are far below those in experimental plots which are harvested by hand rather than the commercial suction harvester.
The problem then is one of highly variable yields which, in many cases, means only marginal returns. In addition it is thought that there is also potential for increasing yield amongst the better growers (ie there is a considerable gap between yields in experimental plots and those of the leading farmers).
Research The research strategy for this project has been to monitor crops newly sown in 1992. For each crop all relevant management data has been recorded. In addition, sampling sites have been established in each paddock and monitored for plant population, weed population, soil conditions (phosphorus, pH, Al and Mn) and yield components. The data was analysed to determine the management factors associated with more profitable yields and crop characteristics that are related to high crop yield. Outcomes Soil phosphate was generally at levels known to be limiting for sub clover production. Herbicides were frequently used, but not necessarily achieving long term weed control. In the establishment year sowing rate and red legged earth mite control were the two most important factors explaining differences in potential yield between seed growers. In the two regenerating years, a suite of factors were implicated by aspects of weed control, current and historical, and cultivar were the common factors influencing yield in these years.
Implications The use of fertiliser should be increased to ensure crops are grown at optimal levels of soil pho