Rice - RIRDC Completed Projects in 2001-2002 & Research in Progress as at June 2002

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RIRDC Completed Projects in 2001-2002 & Research in Progress as at June 2002
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To Rice Research in Progress

3.4 Rice - Completed Projects
Project No	Project Title	Researcher	Phone	Organisation
Crop nutrition
DAN-175A	Relating minerals in rice shoots and grain to soil tests, yield and grain quality	Prof. Graeme D Batten	(02) 6933 4207	NSW Department of Agriculture
Crop protection
AGR-6A	Rotational weed control practices for rice (continuation of AGR-3A)	Mr Malcolm Taylor	(03) 5872 2892	Agropraisals Pty Ltd
UCS-20A	Development of integrated weed management strategies for the rice weed Cyperus difformis and Alisma plantago-aquatica	Prof James Pratley	(02) 6933 2864	Charles Sturt University
Sustainable farming systems
CSL-13A	Effect of rice stubble burning versus retention on soil health	Mr Clive Kirkby	(02) 6960 1596	CSIRO Land and Water
CSL-19A	Summer student project: Evaluation of chars to decontaminate irrigation drainage waters using chars	Dr Kaye Spark	(02) 6960 1500	CSIRO Land and Water
Technology transfer & communications
COD-1A	Better information delivery to rice growers - a pilot rice bulletin	Mr Peter Graham	(03) 9810 4555	Concept Development Pty Ltd
GUK-2A	Australian rice industry - cost of production study	Mr Rob Rendell	(03) 5441 4821	Rendell McGuckian
IRE-3A	Technology transfer for a more productive and sustainable rice farming system	Mr Nick Hutchins	(02) 6960 1550	Irrigation Research & Extension Committee
RUE-1A	Evaluation of extension services to the rice industry	A/Prof. Robert Macadam	(02) 6024 5349	Rural Enablers

Project Title Relating minerals in rice shoots and grain to soil tests, yield and grain quality

RIRDC Project No.: DAN-175A

Researcher: Prof. Graeme D Batten

Organisation: NSW Agriculture
PMB
YANCO NSW 2703
Present Address: Charles Sturt University, LMB 588 Wagga Wagga NSW 2678

Phone: (02) 6933 4207

Fax: (02) 6933 2812

Email: gbatten@csu.edu.au

Objectives · To determine the influence of soil factors on plant growth, nutrient uptake, grain yield and grain quality; the variation in plant and grain minerals within a paddock and the ability to detect this variation by remote images; and the critical nutrient concentrations in whole rice shoots to provide a basis for diagnosing problem crops.

Background Rice is a crop which removes relatively large amounts of nutrients from soils. This project extended earlier studies including RIRDC DAN 123 and examined the relations between plant-essential minerals and grain yield and grain quality.

Research Samples of shoots and grain from many sites within single crops and samples of grain from many crops which represented the whole rice growing region of southern NSW were analysed for total mineral concentration.

Outcomes The data from this project quantify the variability in soil and plant mineral composition and the rates of input and removal of nutrients from soils by rice.

Implications The long term impact of nutrient removal by rice will vary with the intensity of rice in the cropping sequence. More regular monitoring of soils for pH, available P, salinity and other nutrients is recommended as a basis for soil management.

Publications Allan, A.M., Blakeney, A.B., Batten, G.D. and Dunn, T.S. (1999). Impact of grinder configurations on grinding rate, particle size and trace element contamination of plant samples. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 30 (15-16), 2123.
Batten, G.D., Marr, K.M., Williams, R.L and Farrell, T.C (2000). Mineral concentrations in Australian and overseas brown rice genotypes. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 31 (11-14), 2393.
Marr, KM, Batten, GD and Lewin, LG. (1999). The effect of nitrogen fertiliser on yield, nitrogen and mineral elements in Australian brown rice. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, 873-80.
Rengel, Z., Batten, G.D and Crowley, D.E. (1999) Agronomic approaches for improving the micronutrient density in edible portions of field crops. Special Issue of Field Crops Research 60, 27 – 40. (Full list in final report)

Project Title Rotational weed control practices for rice (continuation of AGR-3A)

RIRDC Project No.: AGR-6A

Researcher: Mr. Malcolm Taylor

Organisation: Agropraisals Pty Ltd
RMB 1553A
COBRAM VIC 3644

Phone: (03) 5872 2892

Fax: (03) 5872 2838

Email: mtaylor@cnl.com.au

Objectives · To develop rotational programs of herbicides coupled with the definition and integration of cultural weed control methods for rice.
· Promote adoption of these practices by improving farmer knowledge of these issues through conduct of grower field days, publishing results in a format suitable to growers and assistance with preparation of annual weed control bulletins.

Background Removal of weed competition using herbicides is a critical requirement for economic direct seeded rice production throughout the world. In Australia herbicides have been used in rice production for approximately 50 years. Selection of herbicide resistant weed biotypes was first confirmed in Australian rice in 1993 and they are now common in all ricegrowing districts.
This program was conducted to assist in management of herbicide resistance in rice by developing alternative and rotational options for weed management.

Research Replicated field trials were conducted over a four year period at dedicated laser leveled sites in the southern Riverina. Earthen bunds were constructed around individual plots where floodwater separation was necessary. Herbicide application was by direct application to floodwater (SCWIIRT) or hand held boom sprayers. Assessments included visual ratings of rice injury, weed control efficacy and grain yields.

Outcomes In drill seeded rice clomazone plus propanil treatments demonstrated great reliability and flexibility in timing for control of barnyard grass. Paraquat could be substituted for propanil prior to crop emergence, however this treatment did not exhibit sufficient residual control in instances of long intervals between seeding and permanent water.
Fenoxaprop-p ethyl (as MUSTER) showed improved rice tolerance compared to PUMA S. Barnyard grass control was variable with the MUSTER formulation.
Water plantain control was most effectively achieved with a sequential program of benzofenap followed by MCPA sodium. Bensulfuron, dicamba and triclopyr were found to be ineffective against water plantain.
Dirty Dora, starfruit, water plantain, arrowhead, common spikerush and cumbungi were all shown to be susceptible to bentazon as BASAGRAN @ 960 g a.i./ha and bentazon plus MCPA as BAS 433 @ 800 plus 120 g a.i./ha applied from the 4 leaf stage of rice development. Adjuvants (non-ionic surfactant and ethoxylated canola oil) did not assist with bentazon efficacy.
Residue sampling from bentazon experiments was performed to support a registration submission to the NRA.
Pretilachlor was evaluated for various application timings in dry broadcast seeded rice. A narrow application window (approximately 6-9 days post flood) was defined that would prove impractical for most commercial rice crops.
The triazine herbicides prometryne, ametryne and terbutryne all failed to exhibit sufficient crop safety to water-seeded rice.
Clomazone plus molinate combinations appeared mildly antagonistic, with a rate of 180 plus 1800 g a.i./ha/ha optimal for barnyard grass control.
Herbicide program performance evaluations were conducted for twelve new or pending programs over two seasons. Most programs tested achieved effective barnyard grass control, however major differences in sedge and broadleaf weed control resulted in substantial differences in average grain yield across 8 experiments.

Implications Trial results and demonstrations conducted in this program have assisted in the acceptance and adoption of a range of new herbicide programs for water seeded rice.
Results from the clomazone and bentazon studies have been used in support of registration submissions for these herbicides in drill and water seeded rice (respectively).

Publications Taylor, M.C. (2001) Efficacy and crop safety of bentazon (alone or in combinations with MCPA) for the control of Cyperus difformis, Alisma plantago aquatica, Sagittaria montevidensis, Eleocharis acuta, Typha spp. and Damasonium minus in water seeded and dry seeded rice, Riverina, Australia Report submitted to BASF Australia Ltd.
Taylor, M.C. (2000) Efficacy and crop safety of clomazone plus paraquat and clomazone plus propanil tank mixtures for the control of Echinochloa crus galli and Leptochloa fusca in drill-seeded rice, southern Riverina, Australia Report submitted to FMC International A.G.
Taylor, M.C. and Clampett, W.S. (1999) Development of weed management strategies to achieve effective weed control in rice in New South Wales, Australia, In Proceedings of Second Temperate Rice Conference, Sacramento, CA, USA
Skinner, G.M. and Taylor, M.C.(1999) Benzofenap (TAIPAN) - a new herbicide for weed control in water-seeded rice, In Proceedings of Second Temperate Rice Conference, Sacramento, CA, USA

Project Title Development of integrated weed management strategies for the rice weeds Cyperus difformis and Alisma plantago-aquatica

RIRDC Project No.: UCS-20A

Researcher: James Pratley and Siva Sivapalan, Ragini Flower and Elisa Heylin (research
students)

Organisation: Charles Sturt University
Farrer Centre
Locked Bag 588
WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678

Phone: (02) 6933 2864

Fax: (02) 6933 2868

Email: jpratley@csu.edu.au

Internet: www.csu.edu.au

Objectives · To reduce the threat of the aquatic weeds, dirty dora and water plantain, by understanding the biology of the weeds in order to develop integrated weed management strategies

Background The Australian Rice Industry has a limited number of herbicides on which it is dependent. The advent of herbicide resistance to a major herbicide, Londax (bensulfuron), increased the need for better understanding of the biology of the weeds concerned.

Research In this project the species dirty dora (Cyperus difformis) and water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica) were evaluated for their biology, herbicide susceptibility and method of spread.

Outcomes Dirty dora was shown to be widely spread in all irrigation areas and with level of infestation high. It was particularly associated with aerial sowing and much less so with sodseeding and combine sowing. Soil type had little effect on distribution. Optimum conditions for germination were 15-35⁰C, seeds exposed to light and in moist but not standing water. There was high level resistance to bensulfuron but not to other herbicides.
For water plantain, distribution was largely confined to the Murray Valley Irrigation District. Propagation is by seeds and corms with seed germination encouraged by temperatures around 25⁰C and standing water to depth. Cultivation reduced corm establishment with benzofenap (TaipanÒ ) but not bensulfuron (LondaxÒ ) being effective on seedlings. Spread of the weed is facilitated by equipment particularly harvesters.

Implications No one management system will suit all weed species. Herbicide resistance will require farmers to rotate chemical modes of action and look for additional chemical options for ongoing herbicide weed control. Spread of weeds will be minimised by strict adherence to hygiene, particularly for water plantain.

Publications Nil at this time

Project Title Effect of rice stubble burning versus retention on soil health

RIRDC Project No.: CSL-13A

Researcher: Mr Clive Kirkby

Organisation: CSIRO Land & Water
Pvt Bag 3
GRIFFITH NSW 2680

Phone: (02) 6960 1596

Fax: (02) 6960 1600

Email: Clive.Kirkby@csiro.au

Objectives · To compare biological, chemical and physical properties of rice soils subjected to long-term stubble burning and retention using soil samples collected from farmers’ fields to see if there are significant differences that may affect soil health and ultimately long term production of rice and crops/pastures grown in rotation with rice

Background Soil health can be defined as the ability of a soil to sustain biological productivity, maintain the quality of air and water environments, and promote plant and animal health. Soil health can generally be partitioned according to its chemical, physical and biological components. While a great deal is known about the first two the biological component; which is responsible for carbon and nitrogen cycling, soil tilth and structure, organic matter transformations among other things; is less well understood. Approximately 90% of NSW rice stubbles are currently burnt, RIRDC project CSL-5A survey finding, and have been for long periods. While it is generally accepted that such long term burning has deleterious effects on both the soil's chemical and physical properties, e.g. loss of nutrients (see table 1) and declining soil structure, the effects on the biological properties are largely unknown. This project was established primarily to gain an understanding of this last point.

Research Four paired sites were selected from around the rice growing areas on southern NSW; viz: Whitton, Wanoon, Murrami and Warrawidgee. Two farms were selected from each area, one that had a history of long term burning and one that had a history of stubble retention. The pairs were selected so that they were, as close as possible, the same soil type. Numerous tests were carried out to compare the soils.

Outcomes The samples were analysed for a wide range of total "inorganic" elements. There was no difference in the levels of Al, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, and Zn. There were differences in the "biologically mediated elements". There was consistently more phosphorus, sulphur, carbon and nitrogen where stubble had been retained. The microbial biomass and respiration rate were, on average, about twice as high with stubble retention however the fungal:bacterial ratio had also increased. Importantly stubble retained soil was able to decompose organic matter approximately 30% faster than burnt soil.

Implications While stubble retention did not alter the "inorganic" chemical health of the soil there were differences in parameters associated with soil biology. Stubble retained soils were biologically healthier and this could have implications for long term sustainability. The higher nitrogen levels could mean that fertilizer inputs could be reduced slightly without affecting yield. It is not known how long it would take to increase the organic matter decomposition rate when switching from burning to stubble retention and ways to speed this up may need to be investigated.

Publications No formal publications, mini poster given out during various presentations.

Project title: Summer student project: Evaluation of chars to decontaminate irrigation drainage waters using chars

RIRDC Project No.: CSL-19A

Researcher: Dr. Kaye Spark

Organisation: CSIRO Land and Water
(Current contact address: University of Queensland, GATTON QLD 4343)

Phone: (07) 5460 1336

Fax: (07) 5460 1170

Email: kaye.spark@uqg.uq.edu.au

Objectives · To determine the feasibility of using low-grade adsorbing media in rapidly removing pesticides from contaminated drainage waters.

Background Rice husks are a major waste product of the rice industry. The husks are burnt to provide energy to produce electricity. The ash residues have been shown to have similar characteristics of sorption of contaminants, such as pesticides and heavy metals, to that of granulated activated carbons produced specifically for the purpose. Hence the presence of high levels of ash in agricultural systems could be effective at reducing the activity and runoff of pesticides used in the southern Murray Darling Basin agricultural region.

Research This project involved studying the adsorption of pesticides onto rice husk char. The different variables that have been investigated include: pesticide concentration, char concentration, time for adsorption to occur, electrolyte concentration, pH, temperature, the concentration of dissolved organic matter, suspended minerals (ie using agricultural water) and agitation time.
The methodology for studying the adsorption of the pesticides by the char was laoratory batch sample studies of the pesticide in a background electrolyte of ~1.2 dS/m. The rice husk char (Biocon) was added to the above solution following which it was placed on an end-over shaker for 2 hours, filtered and then analysed for absorbance at a wavelength specific to the pesticide using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The concentration of char used was 1 tonne/Megalitre (ML).

Outcomes The major parameters, of those studied in this project, that affect the adsorption of the pesticides atrazine, diuron, molinate and MCPA by the rice char are pH and degree of dispersion of the suspension. Most of the adsorption of the pesticides occurs in less than two hours and this adsorption is not affected significantly by the nature and concentration of salts, temperature or dissolved organic matter at the levels that are normally found in irrigation and drainage waters.

Implications It was concluded that to maximize the usefulness of this char for removing pesticides from irrigation drainage waters it should be applied in waters that have a low pH. Hence the use would be suitable for application to drainage waters from irrigation areas as they are generally slightly acidic. The char would also need to be applied such that it was allowed to stay in suspension for an hour or more. The latter could be achieved by reducing the particle size of the char by grinding etc and/or applying it to flowing or turbulent water body.

Publications None at this stage

Project Title Better information delivery to rice growers - a pilot rice bulletin

RIRDC Project No.: COD-1A

Researchers: Peter Graham (CD), Matt Linnegar (RGA), Lucy Kealy (Kealy Clark)

Organisation: Concept Development Pty Ltd
Lvl 3, 313 Burwood Rd
HAWTHORN VIC 3122

Phone: (03) 9810 4555

Fax: (03) 9819 4994

Email: peter@acctweb.com.au

Objectives · To develop a news service for Rice Growers based within the RGA’s Web Site. One that controlled the volume and flow of information passed to Growers yet kept it very succinct, up-to-date, easy to read and informative.
· To get an inexperienced and untrained group to use the Internet to gain information as a replacement for traditional forms of transfer.
· To move toward making the RGA’s Site the communication and information hub of the rice industry.

Background Growers are bombarded with information from many sources and on many topics. The end result was they had no hope of processing this information which in turn impacted on the productivity of their business. The RGA felt it could help by managing this information flow into a series of articles that could be handled by the Grower and believed it could do so in a very cost effective and extremely efficient manner using the Internet.

Research A 12 week Pilot study was implemented to determine if this approach could attain the objectives set. Two pieces of software were added to the Site and a strategy implemented that bought Growers to the Site to read the information/articles added. A resource was put in place to collect articles, edit them and to post them to the Site. This posting was done every two weeks starting on the 29-1-02 to the 23-4-02. During this period two questionnaires were sent to Growers and the responses analysed. Results of the latter were used to determine the effectiveness of the Pilot.

Outcomes The results attained in this short time are almost unique to the Internet world. A group of users who noted in questionnaire 1 that they’d almost all never visited the RGA Site stated in questionnaire 2 at the end of the Pilot that they now almost all visited the Site at least once every two weeks, if not more frequently. All found it of great value and wanted the service maintained.
That with the proper tools, planning and strategies the Internet can be very successfully melded with the most inexperienced and untrained users.

Implications That the RGA can move forward to develop a model that gives their Web Site the ability to provide rice growers with a much better method of processing important information than is otherwise possible. This can only improve their efficiency, productivity and viability.

Publications None

Project Title Australian rice industry - cost of production study

RIRDC Project No.: GUK-2A

Researcher: Nigel McGuckian

Organisation: Rendell McGuckian Agricultural and Management Consultants

Phone: (03) 5441 4821

Fax: (03) 5441 2788

Email: nigelm@rendellmcguckian.com.au

Internet: http://www.rendellmcguckian.com.au/rm/index.html

Objectives · Establish important factors affecting rice cost of production in the Australian Rice Industry
· Identify which factors can be influenced by rice growers
· Develop strategies for rice growers to decrease cost of production or research priorities for further investigation
· Inform the rice industry of key issues to improve profitability

Background Australian rice producers must lower cost of production to compete on world markets. The Australian rice industry has grown rapidly in recent years and Australian producers have rapidly adopted technology and have improved production methods and therefore yields. There has not been, however a strong focus on understanding factors which influence profitability as prices have been good and therefore profitability has been good.
Due to overproduction of rice in the world, rice prices are under severe pressure. For rice production to remain competitive with competing countries, Australia must increase knowledge of business management skills and strategies to improve profitability within the rice industry.

Research Detailed surveys were conducted with 103 rice growers throughout the rice growing areas in Australia. This sample represents 4% of the industries farms, 10% of production and 10% of Ha. of rice grown. Due to difficulties in gaining co operation with rice growers during a very busy time, farm size was larger than average and the study has been delayed. Despite these difficulties, a very detailed picture has been established of rice production and profitability in Australia.
The data has been analysed to demonstrate the key factors which influence profitability and important issues are discussed which must be considered by the industry to improve profitability.
Throughout the project, a grower steering committee has been involved by analysing their own business performance and reviewing the results and assisting in drawing conclusions.
A final steering committee meeting will be held to develop a communication plan for the industry.

Outcomes Preliminary analysis shows: · Farm size in the sample is larger than the industry. This has been taken into consideration and small farms (of which there are many in the industry) have been considered in the analysis.
· Larger farms had a cost of production in 2000/01 $66 lower than smaller farms.
· Yield made very little difference to cost of production
· Cost of production was around $100 lower in 2000/01 than 1999/2000.
· Intensive rice growers had a COP around $60 per tonne lower than less intensive producers.

Implications The future of the rice industry is dependent on rice growers producing rice at lower than the price received. This did not occur in 1999/2000 or 2000/2001.
Some growers are producing rice at a cost lower than the price. These growers are generally larger specialist rice growers. The long term implication for the industry is that a shift out of rice production may occur .

Publications -

Project Title Technology transfer for a productive and sustainable rice farming system

RIRDC Project No.: IRE-3A

Researcher: Peter Draper

Organisation: Irrigation Research and Extension Committee Inc
C/ CSIRO Land and Water
Private Mail Bag 3
GRIFFITH NSW 2680

Phone: (02) 6960 1550

Fax: (02) 6960 1526

Email: irec@webfront.net.au

Objectives · To provide mechanisms to build the capacity of rice growers (including the transfer of technology) for the rice R&D program leading to more profitable and sustainable rice and general irrigation farming systems in southern N.S.W.

Background This project sought to bring together the more successful components of past extension and information transfer methods in the rice industry into one coordinated initiative. The project also sought to build on this foundation in line with the changing needs of rice growers.

Research The project delivered capacity building of rice growers through the following mechanisms: · Pre-season rice technology meetings in all rice producing districts.
· Rice discussion groups through the production season.
· A major rice field day each season.
· Three editions of the Farmers’ Newsletter each year.
· An annual Irrigated Farm Competition to improve water use efficiency, biodiversity conservation and farm business management.
· Regular planning and review meetings to ensure the relevance of irrigation R&D.

Outcomes The project has provided the foundation for technology and information transfer in the rice industry leading to improved capacity of rice growers in Southern NSW and more recently Northern Victoria. As a result of this increased capacity, rice yields have lifted from 8.0 tonnes per hectare in 1997 to 9.5 tonnes per hectare in 2001. More importantly these yield gains have been achieved using less water per hectare thereby increasing water use efficiency.

Implications This project has shown that a well-coordinated approach to the provision of information and technology combined with the establishment of multiple opportunities for sharing of information between farmers, extension providers, researchers and industry can lead to the achievement of industry targets. The project has also reinforced the changing information needs of rice growers away from longer more detailed publications to more frequent less detailed information through e-mail and the internet.

Publications Over twenty editions of the Farmers’ Newsletter over five years

Project Title Evaluation of extension services to the rice industry

RIRDC Project No.: RUE-1A

Researchers: Robert Macadam, John Drinan and Neil Inall

Organisation: Rural Enablers
PO Box 1239
WODONGA VIC 3689

Phone: (02) 6024 5349

Fax: (02) 6056 1976

Email: ruralenablers@albury.net.au

Objectives · To evaluate the scope and effectiveness of past and current rice industry extension programs as a basis for strategic directions for the overall extension effort within the rice industry, and options to meet possible future challenges.

Background The Australian rice industry is operating in an increasingly complex and dynamic environment where natural resource management and marketing issues loom large. An evaluation of the extension services in terms of their ability to build the capacity of the people in the industry to manage change was timely.

Research The researchers conducted 13 focus group meetings ( 9 with farmers), met with representatives of 21 stakeholder organization, reviewed a wide range of documents, conducted extensive telephone interviews, analysed the data generated, presented the tentative conclusions and recommendations to 2 public meetings and incorporated the feedback and insights generated into the project report.

Outcomes The rice industry is served by a well resourced and diverse extension system and has within it the elements needed to develop the capacity of people in the industry to manage the changing environment. There are however two foci which are not well integrated – a crop and industry focus and a farming and regional sustainability focus. The 9 recommendations stem from an appreciation of this.

Implications The extension system is evolving rapidly and the evaluation provides a basis for acceleration of trends that will greatly enhance its effectiveness.

Publications -

Project Title	Relating minerals in rice shoots and grain to soil tests, yield and grain quality
RIRDC Project No.:	DAN-175A
Researcher:	Prof. Graeme D Batten
Organisation:	NSW Agriculture PMB YANCO NSW 2703 Present Address: Charles Sturt University, LMB 588 Wagga Wagga NSW 2678
Phone:	(02) 6933 4207
Fax:	(02) 6933 2812
Email:	gbatten@csu.edu.au
Objectives	· To determine the influence of soil factors on plant growth, nutrient uptake, grain yield and grain quality; the variation in plant and grain minerals within a paddock and the ability to detect this variation by remote images; and the critical nutrient concentrations in whole rice shoots to provide a basis for diagnosing problem crops.
Background	Rice is a crop which removes relatively large amounts of nutrients from soils. This project extended earlier studies including RIRDC DAN 123 and examined the relations between plant-essential minerals and grain yield and grain quality.
Research	Samples of shoots and grain from many sites within single crops and samples of grain from many crops which represented the whole rice growing region of southern NSW were analysed for total mineral concentration.
Outcomes	The data from this project quantify the variability in soil and plant mineral composition and the rates of input and removal of nutrients from soils by rice.
Implications	The long term impact of nutrient removal by rice will vary with the intensity of rice in the cropping sequence. More regular monitoring of soils for pH, available P, salinity and other nutrients is recommended as a basis for soil management.
Publications	Allan, A.M., Blakeney, A.B., Batten, G.D. and Dunn, T.S. (1999). Impact of grinder configurations on grinding rate, particle size and trace element contamination of plant samples. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 30 (15-16), 2123. Batten, G.D., Marr, K.M., Williams, R.L and Farrell, T.C (2000). Mineral concentrations in Australian and overseas brown rice genotypes. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 31 (11-14), 2393. Marr, KM, Batten, GD and Lewin, LG. (1999). The effect of nitrogen fertiliser on yield, nitrogen and mineral elements in Australian brown rice. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, 873-80. Rengel, Z., Batten, G.D and Crowley, D.E. (1999) Agronomic approaches for improving the micronutrient density in edible portions of field crops. Special Issue of Field Crops Research 60, 27 – 40. (Full list in final report)

Project Title	Rotational weed control practices for rice (continuation of AGR-3A)
RIRDC Project No.:	AGR-6A
Researcher:	Mr. Malcolm Taylor
Organisation:	Agropraisals Pty Ltd RMB 1553A COBRAM VIC 3644
Phone:	(03) 5872 2892
Fax:	(03) 5872 2838
Email:	mtaylor@cnl.com.au
Objectives	· To develop rotational programs of herbicides coupled with the definition and integration of cultural weed control methods for rice. · Promote adoption of these practices by improving farmer knowledge of these issues through conduct of grower field days, publishing results in a format suitable to growers and assistance with preparation of annual weed control bulletins.
Background	Removal of weed competition using herbicides is a critical requirement for economic direct seeded rice production throughout the world. In Australia herbicides have been used in rice production for approximately 50 years. Selection of herbicide resistant weed biotypes was first confirmed in Australian rice in 1993 and they are now common in all ricegrowing districts. This program was conducted to assist in management of herbicide resistance in rice by developing alternative and rotational options for weed management.
Research	Replicated field trials were conducted over a four year period at dedicated laser leveled sites in the southern Riverina. Earthen bunds were constructed around individual plots where floodwater separation was necessary. Herbicide application was by direct application to floodwater (SCWIIRT) or hand held boom sprayers. Assessments included visual ratings of rice injury, weed control efficacy and grain yields.
Outcomes	In drill seeded rice clomazone plus propanil treatments demonstrated great reliability and flexibility in timing for control of barnyard grass. Paraquat could be substituted for propanil prior to crop emergence, however this treatment did not exhibit sufficient residual control in instances of long intervals between seeding and permanent water. Fenoxaprop-p ethyl (as MUSTER) showed improved rice tolerance compared to PUMA S. Barnyard grass control was variable with the MUSTER formulation. Water plantain control was most effectively achieved with a sequential program of benzofenap followed by MCPA sodium. Bensulfuron, dicamba and triclopyr were found to be ineffective against water plantain. Dirty Dora, starfruit, water plantain, arrowhead, common spikerush and cumbungi were all shown to be susceptible to bentazon as BASAGRAN @ 960 g a.i./ha and bentazon plus MCPA as BAS 433 @ 800 plus 120 g a.i./ha applied from the 4 leaf stage of rice development. Adjuvants (non-ionic surfactant and ethoxylated canola oil) did not assist with bentazon efficacy. Residue sampling from bentazon experiments was performed to support a registration submission to the NRA. Pretilachlor was evaluated for various application timings in dry broadcast seeded rice. A narrow application window (approximately 6-9 days post flood) was defined that would prove impractical for most commercial rice crops. The triazine herbicides prometryne, ametryne and terbutryne all failed to exhibit sufficient crop safety to water-seeded rice. Clomazone plus molinate combinations appeared mildly antagonistic, with a rate of 180 plus 1800 g a.i./ha/ha optimal for barnyard grass control. Herbicide program performance evaluations were conducted for twelve new or pending programs over two seasons. Most programs tested achieved effective barnyard grass control, however major differences in sedge and broadleaf weed control resulted in substantial differences in average grain yield across 8 experiments.
Implications	Trial results and demonstrations conducted in this program have assisted in the acceptance and adoption of a range of new herbicide programs for water seeded rice. Results from the clomazone and bentazon studies have been used in support of registration submissions for these herbicides in drill and water seeded rice (respectively).
Publications	Taylor, M.C. (2001) Efficacy and crop safety of bentazon (alone or in combinations with MCPA) for the control of Cyperus difformis, Alisma plantago aquatica, Sagittaria montevidensis, Eleocharis acuta, Typha spp. and Damasonium minus in water seeded and dry seeded rice, Riverina, Australia Report submitted to BASF Australia Ltd. Taylor, M.C. (2000) Efficacy and crop safety of clomazone plus paraquat and clomazone plus propanil tank mixtures for the control of Echinochloa crus galli and Leptochloa fusca in drill-seeded rice, southern Riverina, Australia Report submitted to FMC International A.G. Taylor, M.C. and Clampett, W.S. (1999) Development of weed management strategies to achieve effective weed control in rice in New South Wales, Australia, In Proceedings of Second Temperate Rice Conference, Sacramento, CA, USA Skinner, G.M. and Taylor, M.C.(1999) Benzofenap (TAIPAN) - a new herbicide for weed control in water-seeded rice, In Proceedings of Second Temperate Rice Conference, Sacramento, CA, USA

Project Title	Effect of rice stubble burning versus retention on soil health
RIRDC Project No.:	CSL-13A
Researcher:	Mr Clive Kirkby
Organisation:	CSIRO Land & Water Pvt Bag 3 GRIFFITH NSW 2680
Phone:	(02) 6960 1596
Fax:	(02) 6960 1600
Email:	Clive.Kirkby@csiro.au
Objectives	· To compare biological, chemical and physical properties of rice soils subjected to long-term stubble burning and retention using soil samples collected from farmers’ fields to see if there are significant differences that may affect soil health and ultimately long term production of rice and crops/pastures grown in rotation with rice
Background	Soil health can be defined as the ability of a soil to sustain biological productivity, maintain the quality of air and water environments, and promote plant and animal health. Soil health can generally be partitioned according to its chemical, physical and biological components. While a great deal is known about the first two the biological component; which is responsible for carbon and nitrogen cycling, soil tilth and structure, organic matter transformations among other things; is less well understood. Approximately 90% of NSW rice stubbles are currently burnt, RIRDC project CSL-5A survey finding, and have been for long periods. While it is generally accepted that such long term burning has deleterious effects on both the soil's chemical and physical properties, e.g. loss of nutrients (see table 1) and declining soil structure, the effects on the biological properties are largely unknown. This project was established primarily to gain an understanding of this last point.
Research	Four paired sites were selected from around the rice growing areas on southern NSW; viz: Whitton, Wanoon, Murrami and Warrawidgee. Two farms were selected from each area, one that had a history of long term burning and one that had a history of stubble retention. The pairs were selected so that they were, as close as possible, the same soil type. Numerous tests were carried out to compare the soils.
Outcomes	The samples were analysed for a wide range of total "inorganic" elements. There was no difference in the levels of Al, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, and Zn. There were differences in the "biologically mediated elements". There was consistently more phosphorus, sulphur, carbon and nitrogen where stubble had been retained. The microbial biomass and respiration rate were, on average, about twice as high with stubble retention however the fungal:bacterial ratio had also increased. Importantly stubble retained soil was able to decompose organic matter approximately 30% faster than burnt soil.
Implications	While stubble retention did not alter the "inorganic" chemical health of the soil there were differences in parameters associated with soil biology. Stubble retained soils were biologically healthier and this could have implications for long term sustainability. The higher nitrogen levels could mean that fertilizer inputs could be reduced slightly without affecting yield. It is not known how long it would take to increase the organic matter decomposition rate when switching from burning to stubble retention and ways to speed this up may need to be investigated.
Publications	No formal publications, mini poster given out during various presentations.

Project title:	Summer student project: Evaluation of chars to decontaminate irrigation drainage waters using chars
RIRDC Project No.:	CSL-19A
Researcher:	Dr. Kaye Spark
Organisation:	CSIRO Land and Water (Current contact address: University of Queensland, GATTON QLD 4343)
Phone:	(07) 5460 1336
Fax:	(07) 5460 1170
Email:	kaye.spark@uqg.uq.edu.au
Objectives	· To determine the feasibility of using low-grade adsorbing media in rapidly removing pesticides from contaminated drainage waters.
Background	Rice husks are a major waste product of the rice industry. The husks are burnt to provide energy to produce electricity. The ash residues have been shown to have similar characteristics of sorption of contaminants, such as pesticides and heavy metals, to that of granulated activated carbons produced specifically for the purpose. Hence the presence of high levels of ash in agricultural systems could be effective at reducing the activity and runoff of pesticides used in the southern Murray Darling Basin agricultural region.
Research	This project involved studying the adsorption of pesticides onto rice husk char. The different variables that have been investigated include: pesticide concentration, char concentration, time for adsorption to occur, electrolyte concentration, pH, temperature, the concentration of dissolved organic matter, suspended minerals (ie using agricultural water) and agitation time. The methodology for studying the adsorption of the pesticides by the char was laoratory batch sample studies of the pesticide in a background electrolyte of ~1.2 dS/m. The rice husk char (Biocon) was added to the above solution following which it was placed on an end-over shaker for 2 hours, filtered and then analysed for absorbance at a wavelength specific to the pesticide using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The concentration of char used was 1 tonne/Megalitre (ML).
Outcomes	The major parameters, of those studied in this project, that affect the adsorption of the pesticides atrazine, diuron, molinate and MCPA by the rice char are pH and degree of dispersion of the suspension. Most of the adsorption of the pesticides occurs in less than two hours and this adsorption is not affected significantly by the nature and concentration of salts, temperature or dissolved organic matter at the levels that are normally found in irrigation and drainage waters.
Implications	It was concluded that to maximize the usefulness of this char for removing pesticides from irrigation drainage waters it should be applied in waters that have a low pH. Hence the use would be suitable for application to drainage waters from irrigation areas as they are generally slightly acidic. The char would also need to be applied such that it was allowed to stay in suspension for an hour or more. The latter could be achieved by reducing the particle size of the char by grinding etc and/or applying it to flowing or turbulent water body.
Publications	None at this stage

Project Title	Better information delivery to rice growers - a pilot rice bulletin
RIRDC Project No.:	COD-1A
Researchers:	Peter Graham (CD), Matt Linnegar (RGA), Lucy Kealy (Kealy Clark)
Organisation:	Concept Development Pty Ltd Lvl 3, 313 Burwood Rd HAWTHORN VIC 3122
Phone:	(03) 9810 4555
Fax:	(03) 9819 4994
Email:	peter@acctweb.com.au
Objectives	· To develop a news service for Rice Growers based within the RGA’s Web Site. One that controlled the volume and flow of information passed to Growers yet kept it very succinct, up-to-date, easy to read and informative. · To get an inexperienced and untrained group to use the Internet to gain information as a replacement for traditional forms of transfer. · To move toward making the RGA’s Site the communication and information hub of the rice industry.
Background	Growers are bombarded with information from many sources and on many topics. The end result was they had no hope of processing this information which in turn impacted on the productivity of their business. The RGA felt it could help by managing this information flow into a series of articles that could be handled by the Grower and believed it could do so in a very cost effective and extremely efficient manner using the Internet.
Research	A 12 week Pilot study was implemented to determine if this approach could attain the objectives set. Two pieces of software were added to the Site and a strategy implemented that bought Growers to the Site to read the information/articles added. A resource was put in place to collect articles, edit them and to post them to the Site. This posting was done every two weeks starting on the 29-1-02 to the 23-4-02. During this period two questionnaires were sent to Growers and the responses analysed. Results of the latter were used to determine the effectiveness of the Pilot.
Outcomes	The results attained in this short time are almost unique to the Internet world. A group of users who noted in questionnaire 1 that they’d almost all never visited the RGA Site stated in questionnaire 2 at the end of the Pilot that they now almost all visited the Site at least once every two weeks, if not more frequently. All found it of great value and wanted the service maintained. That with the proper tools, planning and strategies the Internet can be very successfully melded with the most inexperienced and untrained users.
Implications	That the RGA can move forward to develop a model that gives their Web Site the ability to provide rice growers with a much better method of processing important information than is otherwise possible. This can only improve their efficiency, productivity and viability.
Publications	None

Project Title	Australian rice industry - cost of production study
RIRDC Project No.:	GUK-2A
Researcher:	Nigel McGuckian
Organisation:	Rendell McGuckian Agricultural and Management Consultants
Phone:	(03) 5441 4821
Fax:	(03) 5441 2788
Email:	nigelm@rendellmcguckian.com.au
Internet:	http://www.rendellmcguckian.com.au/rm/index.html
Objectives	· Establish important factors affecting rice cost of production in the Australian Rice Industry · Identify which factors can be influenced by rice growers · Develop strategies for rice growers to decrease cost of production or research priorities for further investigation · Inform the rice industry of key issues to improve profitability
Background	Australian rice producers must lower cost of production to compete on world markets. The Australian rice industry has grown rapidly in recent years and Australian producers have rapidly adopted technology and have improved production methods and therefore yields. There has not been, however a strong focus on understanding factors which influence profitability as prices have been good and therefore profitability has been good. Due to overproduction of rice in the world, rice prices are under severe pressure. For rice production to remain competitive with competing countries, Australia must increase knowledge of business management skills and strategies to improve profitability within the rice industry.
Research	Detailed surveys were conducted with 103 rice growers throughout the rice growing areas in Australia. This sample represents 4% of the industries farms, 10% of production and 10% of Ha. of rice grown. Due to difficulties in gaining co operation with rice growers during a very busy time, farm size was larger than average and the study has been delayed. Despite these difficulties, a very detailed picture has been established of rice production and profitability in Australia. The data has been analysed to demonstrate the key factors which influence profitability and important issues are discussed which must be considered by the industry to improve profitability. Throughout the project, a grower steering committee has been involved by analysing their own business performance and reviewing the results and assisting in drawing conclusions. A final steering committee meeting will be held to develop a communication plan for the industry.
Outcomes	Preliminary analysis shows: · Farm size in the sample is larger than the industry. This has been taken into consideration and small farms (of which there are many in the industry) have been considered in the analysis. · Larger farms had a cost of production in 2000/01 $66 lower than smaller farms. · Yield made very little difference to cost of production · Cost of production was around $100 lower in 2000/01 than 1999/2000. · Intensive rice growers had a COP around $60 per tonne lower than less intensive producers.
Implications	The future of the rice industry is dependent on rice growers producing rice at lower than the price received. This did not occur in 1999/2000 or 2000/2001. Some growers are producing rice at a cost lower than the price. These growers are generally larger specialist rice growers. The long term implication for the industry is that a shift out of rice production may occur .
Publications	-

Project Title	Technology transfer for a productive and sustainable rice farming system
RIRDC Project No.:	IRE-3A
Researcher:	Peter Draper
Organisation:	Irrigation Research and Extension Committee Inc C/ CSIRO Land and Water Private Mail Bag 3 GRIFFITH NSW 2680
Phone:	(02) 6960 1550
Fax:	(02) 6960 1526
Email:	irec@webfront.net.au
Objectives	· To provide mechanisms to build the capacity of rice growers (including the transfer of technology) for the rice R&D program leading to more profitable and sustainable rice and general irrigation farming systems in southern N.S.W.
Background	This project sought to bring together the more successful components of past extension and information transfer methods in the rice industry into one coordinated initiative. The project also sought to build on this foundation in line with the changing needs of rice growers.
Research	The project delivered capacity building of rice growers through the following mechanisms: · Pre-season rice technology meetings in all rice producing districts. · Rice discussion groups through the production season. · A major rice field day each season. · Three editions of the Farmers’ Newsletter each year. · An annual Irrigated Farm Competition to improve water use efficiency, biodiversity conservation and farm business management. · Regular planning and review meetings to ensure the relevance of irrigation R&D.
Outcomes	The project has provided the foundation for technology and information transfer in the rice industry leading to improved capacity of rice growers in Southern NSW and more recently Northern Victoria. As a result of this increased capacity, rice yields have lifted from 8.0 tonnes per hectare in 1997 to 9.5 tonnes per hectare in 2001. More importantly these yield gains have been achieved using less water per hectare thereby increasing water use efficiency.
Implications	This project has shown that a well-coordinated approach to the provision of information and technology combined with the establishment of multiple opportunities for sharing of information between farmers, extension providers, researchers and industry can lead to the achievement of industry targets. The project has also reinforced the changing information needs of rice growers away from longer more detailed publications to more frequent less detailed information through e-mail and the internet.
Publications	Over twenty editions of the Farmers’ Newsletter over five years

Project Title	Evaluation of extension services to the rice industry
RIRDC Project No.:	RUE-1A
Researchers:	Robert Macadam, John Drinan and Neil Inall
Organisation:	Rural Enablers PO Box 1239 WODONGA VIC 3689
Phone:	(02) 6024 5349
Fax:	(02) 6056 1976
Email:	ruralenablers@albury.net.au
Objectives	· To evaluate the scope and effectiveness of past and current rice industry extension programs as a basis for strategic directions for the overall extension effort within the rice industry, and options to meet possible future challenges.
Background	The Australian rice industry is operating in an increasingly complex and dynamic environment where natural resource management and marketing issues loom large. An evaluation of the extension services in terms of their ability to build the capacity of the people in the industry to manage change was timely.
Research	The researchers conducted 13 focus group meetings ( 9 with farmers), met with representatives of 21 stakeholder organization, reviewed a wide range of documents, conducted extensive telephone interviews, analysed the data generated, presented the tentative conclusions and recommendations to 2 public meetings and incorporated the feedback and insights generated into the project report.
Outcomes	The rice industry is served by a well resourced and diverse extension system and has within it the elements needed to develop the capacity of people in the industry to manage the changing environment. There are however two foci which are not well integrated – a crop and industry focus and a farming and regional sustainability focus. The 9 recommendations stem from an appreciation of this.
Implications	The extension system is evolving rapidly and the evaluation provides a basis for acceleration of trends that will greatly enhance its effectiveness.
Publications	-

Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation

Rural Industries
Research & Development Corporation