RIRDC Completed Projects in 2002-2003 & Research in Progress as at June 2003

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To New Animal Products  Research in Progress
 

1.2 New Animal Products - Completed Projects
Project No.	Project Title	Researcher	Phone	Organisation
AAI-1A	The development of artificial insemination technology in alpacas (Lama pacos)	Dr Jane Vaughan Dr David Hopkins Prof David Galloway	(03) 5254 3365	Alpaca Artificial Insemination Group
AM-7A	Kangaroo Specification and Selected Meat cuts	Peter Evans	(07) 3247 7200	AUS-MEAT Limited
AM-9A	Buffalo Specification and Selected Meat cuts	Peter Evans	(07) 3247 7200	AUS-MEAT Limited
CSA-19A	A report on the potential for establishment of an Angora rabbit industry in Australia	Dr Tony Schlink	(08) 9333 6628	CSIRO Livestock Industries
CSU-1A	Farmed rabbits for growth in Australian agriculture	Dr Sandra Eady	(02) 6776 1394	CSIRO Livestock Industries
DAQ-258A	Markets for Skins/Leather – Emerging Animal Industries: Goat, Emu, Ostrich, Crocodile & Camel	Bronwyn Warfield	(07) 4688 1251	Department of Primary Industries – Qld
DAQ-272A	Identification and development of export opportunities for game birds	Alison Leech	(07) 4688 1251	Department of Primary Industries – Qld
DAQ-278A	Distribution of meat products for prospective Australian animal industries	Jacquie Bodger Brendan Goulding	(07) 3239 3307	Department of Primary Industries – Qld
DAV-182A	New value added products of selected new and emerging meats destined for various domestic and export markets	Joanne Bobbitt	(03) 9217 4334	Department of Primary Industries (Vic)
DRL-1A	Improved breeding in dairy goats and milking sheep	Dr David Lindsay Dr James Skerritt	(08) 9381 3423	David R Lindsay
KDO-1A	Buffalo Industry Development Specialist	Kevin Doyle	(02) 6681 5377	Kevin Doyle
LEC-1A	Increasing markets for kangaroo products by improving kangaroo industry image	John Kelly	(03) 6326 8639	Lenah Consultancy
PAC-2A	Kangaroo Pet Meat Survey	Trevor Cook	(02) 9943 6226	PacALLIANCE (Australia) Pty Ltd
PTP-11A	Dairy Goat Farming Practices – for Specialty cheese & Other Products	Arthur Stubbs Gaille Abud	(03) 9844 1135	Primary Tasks Pty Ltd
SAR-27A	Husbandry and genetic strategies to improve hide quality of ostriches	Dr Phil Glatz	(08) 8303 7786	South Australian Research and Development Insttitute
WHP-2A	Performance Benchmarks for Selected New Animal Products	David Michael	(02) 9369 2735	Wondu Holdings Pty Ltd
UMO-24A	Increase autumn and winter production of goat milk	Dr Alexander Cameron	(03) 5286 1211	Monash University
UQ-95A	Commercial safari hunting of Australian game - a feasibility study	Dr Gordon Dryden	(07) 5460 1255	The University of Queensland


 

Project Title:	The development of artificial insemination technology in alpacas (Lama pacos)
RIRDC Project No.:	AAI-1A
Researchers:	Dr Jane Vaughan, Dr David Hopkins and Prof David Galloway
Organisation:	Alpaca Artificial Insemination Group PO Box 406 OCEAN GROVE VIC 3226
Phone:	(03) 5254 3365
Fax:	(03) 5254 3365
Email:	vaughan@ava.com.au
Objectives	The primary aim of the studies in this report was to develop the technology for artificial insemination in alpacas in association with acceptable pregnancy rates following AI.
Background	The reproductive physiology of alpacas differs to that of other domestic animals and remains poorly understood. Males mate in sternal recumbency for approximately 20 minutes and ejaculate many times during this period. Each ejaculate consists of low volume, high viscosity semen containing a low sperm concentration. The fertility of alpaca males declines with increasing numbers of consecutive matings. Gestation length is about 11.5 months, twins are rare and males reach puberty from 1 to 3 years of age. Generation intervals are relatively long because males are slow to sexually mature and females exhibit an extended gestation, so conventional breeding results in slower genetic gain in comparison to other fibre-producing domestic species such as sheep and goats.
Research	The project was broken down into 5 steps: Consistent and reliable collection of semen, characterisation of semen to allow selection of suitable ejaculates for preservation, chilling of alpaca semen, freezing of alpaca semen and artificial insemination of females.
Outcomes	Consistent and reliable collection of alpaca semen was possible using a wooden mannequin covered with a tanned alpaca hide and fitted with an artificial vagina. It was possible to train both virgin and experienced alpaca males to mate with the mannequin. Components of mating behaviour were defined during the training of males and during semen collection and characteristics of semen that define an ejaculate were established. One of the most important observations made during the study was that semen quality varied considerably within and between males. Numerous diluents were mixed with semen in an attempt to prolong the life and maintain the health of sperm following collection in the artificial vagina. Extenders containing egg yolk and glycerol, and in particular Triladyl® (Minitub, Germany), proved the most effective extenders for chilled semen up to 48 hours. Immediate post-thaw activity of sperm was approximately 20 to 40 % when either the Green/Clear camel buffer (IMV International Corporation, USA) or Biladyl A/B (Minitub, Germany) was used as extender for freezing semen. Transcervical deposition of semen into the tip of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the dominant follicle proved to be a simple and efficient technique for artificial insemination. No pregnancies were achieved using transcervical, intrauterine AI of chilled or frozen-thawed semen.
Implications	Data collected during the project will assist breeders and veterinarians in the Australian alpaca industry to select sound sires through evaluation of breeding behaviour and semen characteristics. It is anticipated that this same information will assist with the selection of males with semen that is suitable for chilling and/or freezing. Semen characteristics need to be further defined in relation to age, season and nutritional status and testicular size. The knowledge gained about collection, characterisation, preservation and insemination of alpaca semen will hasten the availability of artificial insemination services in alpacas. This will benefit the Australian alpaca industry with more efficient utilisation of genetically superior males and faster dissemination of improved genotypes throughout the national herd.
Publications	Vaughan JL, Hopkins DA, Galloway DB. RIRDC alpaca artificial insemination project. Proceedings of the Australian Camelid Veterinary Association Conference 2002; 55-61. Vaughan JL, Galloway DB, Hopkins DA. RIRDC alpaca artificial insemination project – the story so far. Proceedings of the Australian Alpaca Industry National Conference 2002; 9-16


 
 
 
 

Project Title:	Kangaroo Specification and Selected Meat Cuts
RIRDC Project No.:	AM-7A
Researcher:	Peter Evans
Organisation:	AUS-MEAT Limited PO Box 3175 SOUTH BRISBANE DC QLD 4101
Phone:	(07) 3247 7200
Fax:	(07) 3247 7222
Email:	peterevans@ausmeat.com.au
Objectives	To review, research and communicate with the Kangaroo Industry operators to revise and develop the next edition of the Kangaroo Specification for a selected Meat Cuts publication.
Background	The first edition of Kangaroo – Specifications and Selected Meat Cuts was produced by AUS-MEAT for the Kangaroo industry and RIRDC in 1998. This publication was produced to further increase marketing opportunities. The use of the manual, nationally and internationally, has been extensive and trading negotiations and sales have been improved. The industry recognised the need to update the first edition to further increase marketing opportunities.
Outcomes	In collaboration with industry a manual has been produced containing updated information on meat cuts specifications, nutritional composition and cooking guides. The interest, support and input of the Kangaroo Association of Australia is acknowledged in a manual well produced and presented by AUS-MEAT.
Implications	Industry now has an improved manual that will further assist in marketing of kangaroo meat for human consumption in Australia and other countries.
Publications	Kangaroo Specification and Selected Meat Cuts – published by AUS-MEAT Limited (Aug. 2002).


 

Project Title:	Buffalo Specification and Selected Meat Cuts
RIRDC Project No.:	AM-9A
Researcher:	Peter Evans
Organisation:	AUS-MEAT Limited PO Box 3175 SOUTH BRISBANE DC QLD 4101
Phone:	(07) 3247 7200
Fax:	(07) 3247 7222
Email:	peterevans@ausmeat.com.au
Objectives	Review, Research and communicate with the Australian Buffalo Industry Council to develop a Buffalo publication for selected meat cuts and information.
Background	The Buffalo Industry recognised the need to develop a manual of meat specifications to further increase trading and marketing opportunities. Over recent years RIRDC has funded manuals for a range of new animal industries – kangaroo, crocodile, ostrich and camel. Most of these have been produced in a very professional manner by AUS-MEAT.
Outcomes	A manual has been produced containing information on tenderbuff buffalo primal cuts, further processed products, fancy meat and packaging. Nutritional composition of the meat, cooking recommendations and comments on the future of buffalo meat are included in the publication.
Implications	The manual will become the basis of much of the future negotiations and trading of buffalo meat consumed in Australia and for exported buffalo that are processed overseas (eg Brunei – average of 2,500 exported live over last 3 years).
Publications	Australian Water Buffalo: Selected Meat Cuts and Information – published by AUS-MEAT Limited (Aug. 2002)


 

Project Title:	A report on the potential for establishment of an Angora rabbit industry in Australia
RIRDC Project No.:	CSA-19A
Researcher:	Dr Anthony (Tony) Charles Schlink
Organisation:	CSIRO Livestock Industries
Phone:	(08) 9333 6628
Fax:	(08) 9387 8991
Email:	tony.schlink@csiro.au
Objectives	The objective of this project is to report on the potential for production of Angora rabbit fibre in Australia. This report will identify the limitations to production, any potential advantages for an Australian based industry and quantify current demand and prices both locally and internationally.
Background	Declining terms of trade for rural commodities in Australia generates a requirement for increased productivity and risk spreading strategies such as diversification of incomes streams in mixed farming enterprises. The opportunity exists to diversity animal fibre production into Angora fibre production. Given recent changes to State government regulations governing rabbit farming in Australia there is an opportunity to draw on Australia’s expertise in animal fibre production to enter the Angora fibre industry.
Research	The information on which this report is based was gathered from study of French and Chinese Angora industries, as well as, from past and present operator’s in the embryo Australian Angora industry. Published literature was reviewed to support the information gained from the Angora industry.
Outcomes	In the last two decades Australia attempted a number of times to start an Angora fibre industry. The current attempt is in the animal building phase of the industry. This most recent attempt is based on French Angora rabbits. There are no animal production impediments to starting an Angora rabbit farming industry in Australia accept the ability to rapidly source livestock. There is sufficient Australian livestock expertise from fibre production and intensive animal industries to provide the skills base for Angora rabbit farming. Australia has a long established reputation as a quality animal fibre producer from other animal species. The current international price, however, would prevent the development of an Angora fibre industry that is aimed at producing fibre for the international market. Australia has too a high labour cost structure to compete against the Chinese in the current fibre market. There is industry models in Europe based on the processing of fibre to yarn or garments by grower cooperatives. The marketing of yarn or garments maximises the return to Angora rabbit growers. The success of this value adding will depend upon the type of yarn and garments produced.
Implications	Angora rabbit farming for sole operators has reasonably small building requirements and allows for the possibility of recycling existing farm building. This would allow mixed farmers to diversify into Angora fibre production with minimal capital costs. In the first instances, livestock cost are likely to be high due to limited numbers currently available in Australia.  There is likely to be a small domestic market for any products from an Angora industry and the industry must look to overseas markets to become a viable industry. Currents prices for raw fibre means that any Australian industry must look to value adding of the raw fibre to become a viable industry. R&D funding will need to be made available in association with commercially operators to ensure the development of a commercial viable animal industry in Australia. R&D will also need to be directed towards the development of ‘novel’ products from Angora fibre to maximise the returns to any new Australian Angora industry.


 
 

Project Title:	Farmed Rabbits for Growth in Australian Agriculture
RIRDC Project No.:	CSU-1A
Researcher:	Dr Sandra Eady
Organisation:	CSIRO Livestock Industries Locked Bag 1 Armidale NSW 2350
Phone:	(02) 6776 1394
Fax:	(02) 6776 1371
Email:	Sandra.Eady@csiro.au
Objectives	· Maximise economic returns for meat rabbit farmers by delivering a breeding program with a clearly defined goal that balances selection for traits contributing most to farm income. · Improve efficiency of rabbit breeding and management by delivering appropriate software for recording pedigree and production data, and by providing technical updates to farmers through publications and workshops. · Deliver superior breeding stock to industry by providing rabbit farmers with access to rabbits from the research project.
Background	Since bans on farming rabbits were lifted in the majority of states, the industry has grown rapidly and its estimated size in 2002 is 200 farms producing 160 tonne of meat with a farm gate value of $1 million. Domestic market demand for farmed rabbit meat is strong and projections are for the industry to grow to 700 tonnes by 2005.
Research	The prime activity of the project was to develop a breeding program for meat rabbits using advanced genetic technologies with a strong emphasis on improving traits related to enterprise profitability. This involved developing a breeding objective for the meat rabbit industry, evaluating the currently available breeds and some of their crosses, designing the structure of a breeding program, implementing the program and providing performance tested improved breeding stock for use in the industry.
Outcomes	The Crusader breeding objective is for maximised profit. Animals are ranked on a selection indeed to identify superior individuals for breeding. The index is a combination of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for number of kittens weaned per litter and average daily liveweight gain. Index ($/doe/year) = (Number Weaned EBV x $33.71) + (Average Daily Gain EBV x $10.61) The breed evaluation showed that New Zealand White rabbits were the best purebred but some crosses were also good. Therefore, the decision was made to include all rabbits in the base population, regardless of breed, so that genetic variation was maximised and the very best rabbits chosen. Response to selection has been encouraging with about a 10% increase in average daily growth rate and a 5% increase in number of kittens weaned. There also has been an accompanying improvement in individual liveweight of rabbits at 10 weeks of age and in number of kittens born alive per litter. The trend in estimated breeding values indicates that improvements can be attributed in part to genetic gain but there has also been a corresponding improvement in rabbit management and husbandry. Results from Crusader have been transferred to the industry though a wide range of avenues. Sales of breeding stock to industry commenced in September 2001 and to date in excess of 200 high index performance-tested animals have been purchased by rabbit farmers. The project has hosted two field days at the FD McMaster Laboratory and held a series of workshops across a number of states. The Crusader web page (www.csiro.au/crusader) is heavily used by both farmers and the general public, recording more than 400 hits per month. Media and general public interest in the project has been very strong with project staff contributing to over 75 radio, television and print items over the three years and handling in excess of 500 general enquiries.
Implications	The meat rabbit industry in Australia has grown considerably over the life of the Crusader project, from production of 106 tonnes of meat in 1999 to an estimated 159 tonnes in 2001. The industry is now a national one with farmers in most states, and there is strong product demand from urban centres in general. There is a clear need for ongoing support for both research and industry development. It is vital that the breeding program continue at this stage given the investment in establishing the facilities, setting up selection procedures and establishing the Crusader brand name. Future research should move to a production system focus with emphasis on improving key profit drivers for meat rabbit production. The meat rabbit industry has identified individual areas of work within this framework that are of high priority. These include management of disease, improved survival of kittens and growers, providing optimum nutrition, and benchmarking performance. New research and development activities should aim to deliver information systems, feed formulations and improved genotypes to optimise productivity and profit.
Publications	Eady, S.J. and Prayaga, K.C. (2000). Rabbit farming for meat production in Australia: Profitability in the industry and economic values for production traits. Proceedings of the 7th World Rabbit Congress 7: A361-367. Prayaga, K.C. and Eady, S.J. (2000). Rabbit farming for meat production in Australia: Preliminary estimates of economic values for production traits. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13 : Suppl., p357-359 , 8 ref.  Prayaga, K.C. and Eady, S.J. (2001). Factors affecting litter size and birth weight in rabbits. Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics 14: 59-62. Prayaga, K.C. and Eady, S.J. (2002). Performance of purebred and crossbred rabbits in Australia: Doe reproductive and pre-weaning litter traits. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53: 993-1001. Prayaga, K.C. and Eady, S.J. (2002). Performance of purebred and crossbred rabbits in Australia: Individual growth and slaughter traits. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54: 159-166.

Project Title:	Markets for Skins/Leather- Emerging Animal Industries: Goat, Emu, Ostrich, Crocodile & Camel
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-258A
Researcher:	Bronwyn Warfield
Organisation:	Rural Market Development Department of Primary Industries Queensland PO Box 102 Toowoomba 4350
Phone:	(07) 4688 1251
Fax:	(07) 4688 1808
Email:	Bronwyn.warfield@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	To provide Australian industry with a clear understanding of the market requirements and export opportunities in skin products of goat, emu, ostrich, crocodile and camel.
Background	In 1999, many of the skins and leathers from these emerging animal industries were being dumped or sold at very low prices. A need was identified to better understand the markets for them and determine how to improve the competitiveness of these industries. The project was undertaken in partnership with industry and guided by a committee that included representatives from each of the five industries.
Research	The report includes an overview of the characteristics and supply capabilities for each of the skins, and of the world market in which these industries operate. Detailed in-market research was conducted in Italy, France, Japan, China and the United States to determine market requirements and gain feedback on Australian skins and leather.
Outcomes	The report includes a list of recommendations for each skin outlining the future research and market development directions that need to be taken to capitalise on the market findings. Case studies are presented which document feedback from along the supply chain and provide insight into what producers and tanneries need to do to improve their quality and therefore market success.
Implications	The report provides insight into the market drivers, market characteristics, and the issues that need to be addressed to increase industry viability. This market knowledge will enable businesses in these industries to better meet customer needs and identify the factors critical to successful market development.
Publications	MacNamara, K., Nicholas, P., Murphy, D., Riedel, E., Goulding, B., Horsburgh, C., Whiting, T. & Warfield, B. 2001, Markets for Skins/Leather - Emerging Animal Industries: Goat, Emu, Ostrich, Crocodile & Camel, Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation, Canberra.


 

Project Title:	Identification & development of opportunities for exporting game birds
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-272A
Researcher:	Alison Leech, Prue Shannon, Paul Kent, Geof Runge, and Bronwyn Warfield
Organisation:	Queensland Department of Primary Industries
Phone:	(07) 4688 1251
Fax:	(07) 4688 1808
Email:	bronwyn.warfield@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	· To understand and document the export market opportunities for game birds · To identify the Australian industry’s supply capabilities in terms of production and processing for export markets · To support commercial industry partners to develop export market opportunities and develop overseas supply chains
Background	The game bird industry is presently valued at approximately $57.5 million dollars with production of around 12.2 million birds per year. Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania are the largest game bird producing states in Australia. Eight game bird industries have been investigated through this project including quail, squab, geese, guinea fowl, pheasant, partridge, duck and turkey. The industry is domestic focused with only small quantities currently exported. Beneficiaries of this research are producers, processors, distributors and exporters. Limited or no exports are occurring for the eight game bird industries under investigation. This project has not only investigated market opportunities but also identified barriers to the game bird industry becoming an export industry and identified strategies to assist the industry to become export orientated. According to a squab processor in Victoria ‘exports are needed to put a floor in the market’. Given the domestic orientation of the industry it is opportune to identify and develop export opportunities for the industry and provide direct linkages with wholesalers and retailer in overseas markets.
Research	This project combines the analysis of detailed marketing information with direct involvement by producers, processors, distributors and exporters to provide direction to and enable commercial action on the research findings. The methodology followed the stages below: Stage 1 Formation of industry advisory group Stage 2 Analysis of supply capabilities & characteristics of the Australian game bird industry Stage 3 Desktop analysis of international markets for game birds Stage 4 In-market research of potential or existing export market for game birds Stage 5 Communication activities Stage 6 Support to industry reference group to act on market information
Outcomes	Australian game bird products were positively recognised by a small number of overseas users and importers (Hong Kong and Singapore) who have used these products and consider them appropriate for premium foodservice segments. There was a strong perception in researched markets that Australian game birds are able to compete against most premium imported products in high-end segments, if similar pricing and quality can be maintained. In international terms, Australia’s history of avian related exotic disease outbreaks has been low. Australia’s natural isolation means that repercussions of disease outbreaks are limited geographically. Australian producers/exporters have only been willing to commit 10–15% of their total production to export markets, owing to unpredictable outbreaks of exotic disease and potential effects on cash flow. Australian supply capabilities have been comparatively small, restricting our ability to capture immediate large-volume export opportunities compared with bigger overseas competitors such as USA and France. Factors such as the high cost of export-accredited facilities have been a disincentive to potential exporters, so the Australian game bird industry is primarily domestic focused. Except for the major game bird users in high-end food-service markets in Hong Kong and Singapore, there was limited overseas awareness of Australia as a producer of game birds. As part of this project a trade booth was organized to profile Australian game birds in Singapore at Food and Hotel Asia. This activity assisted with the commercial export of a range of game birds to this market.
Implications	The major issues that impact on Australia’s game bird industry have been highlighted and four key areas have been identified in relation to future development within this industry. Export development activities Australia is not widely acknowledged within the countries investigated as a supplier of game bird products. A key reason identified was a lack of aggressive promotion on behalf of Australian exporters to profile the capabilities of the industry. Participating in regional food trade shows, as well as working with in-market users to promote Australian game bird products, was frequently suggested through interviews as a way of overcoming this passive marketing approach. For instance by targeting non-European chefs, combining with other Australian products (e.g. wine) for marketing purposes, and holding cooking promotions during peak times such as Christmas, awareness of Australian game birds can be improved. Trade shows not only present the platform to profile industry capabilities but also enable Australian exporters to network with key international and local food-service market representatives (i.e. importers, distributors, chefs, catering providers). In April 2002, representatives from Australian industry and the Queensland Department of Primary Industries participated in the trade show ‘Food and Hotel Asia’ in Singapore. The Australian Game Bird trade booth gave these representatives the opportunity to display and discuss the attributes of commercially available products and convey industry capabilities, as well as gauge acceptance levels, and acquire an understanding of preferences and opportunities within each market sector.  Competitor assessment This research has highlighted the need to understand the capabilities of our competitors, such as Europe and the USA, within the researched target markets. This is necessary if industry is to understand and identify market strategies with a view to building competitive advantage. This is also important to confirm in-market feedback, which suggests that there are clear differences between farmed Australian and traditional European products. Study tours to these competitor countries are recommended. Ideally, such industry visits would focus on game bird production, traditional farming practices and marketing and exporting systems.  Industry network development Project findings have identified a real need for vertical integration within the Australian game bird industry. Collaboration promotes increased consistency of supply, information sharing (production, marketing, exporting knowledge) and access to common export facilities. More importantly, it demonstrates to government agencies a commitment to long-term industry development. Forums such as annual industry conferences present ideal opportunities for industry to engage in networking and information-sharing activities. Presentations from international representatives further increase information transfer to industry, particularly to members unable to undertake visits overseas. It also presents a platform for industry members to identify strategies and develop ownership of future research activities and outcomes. A strong presence will be beneficial in developing a close relationship with government representatives, and can influenceindustry stance in future policy making. Exotic disease outbreak management Explore the applicability of establishing permanent zoning (states) and regionalisation within a State as an effective way to manage exotic disease outbreaks with minimum disruption to the export of poultry or game bird products. Industry feedback also suggests that a compulsory vaccination program for Newcastle Disease should be further explored to reduce the occurrence of an outbreak.
Publications	Final Report – "Identification & development of opportunities for exporting game birds


 

Project Title:	Distribution of meat products for prospective Australian animal industries (PAAI)
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-278A
Researcher:	Jacquie Bodger and Brendan Goulding
Organisation:	Department of Primary Industries
Phone:	(07) 3239 3307
Fax:	(07) 3221 3896
Email:	bodgerj@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	· To analyse, present, and recommend strategies for the future distribution of meat products from prospective Australian animal industries (PAAI), specifically crocodiles, emus, game birds, rabbits, hares, and snails within the Australian domestic market. Specific project objectives include: · Description of current methods of distributing PAAI meats from processing works to the customer · To analyse the methods by a SWOT or similar technique · To identify and assess present R&D that is aimed at producing innovative methods for the future · To determine the key strategic implications from the project · To recommend to RIRDC future R&D
Background	The RIRDC’s charter of R&D activities covers production, processing, storage, transport and marketing. There had been a relatively small proportion of funding invested in distribution of products from processing and storage to purchase by customers. The objective was to research these areas for the crocodile, emu, game birds, rabbits, hares, and snail industries
Research	The background to each industry was researched and supply chains identified. Two contrasting case studies, in different regions of Australia, representing each link in the chain were identified for crocodiles and emus; rabbits and hares. Five case studies were completed for game birds, including duck, quail, pheasant, squab and wild pigeon. Only one producer of snails could be identified. These case studies were analysed by means of a SWOT analysis and recommendations made as to future research and opportunities for these industries.
Outcomes	The research not only provided insights into current distribution practices, but also identified issues that could impede the function of the distribution of meat products through the supply chain from the producer and processor through to consumers. The research also identified industry wide issues, which had an impact upon the development of the industries for each species. In an attempt to address some of the issues identified, recommendations were proposed to assist the distribution of meat products and the development of the industries for each species.


 
 

Implications

Scientific research is required to confirm the opportunities for by-products from some of the animal industries in the study to take advantage of new and emerging nutriceutical markets.  In addition, there is an opportunity for supply chain work to be instigated to encourage better sharing of information between members of the chain and improve cohesiveness in these small industries.


 

Project Title	New value added products of selected new and emerging meats destined for various domestic and export markets
RIRDC Project No.:	DAV-182A
Researcher:	Joanne Bobbitt
Organisation:	Department of Primary Industries (Vic) 475 Mickleham Road ATTWOOD VIC 3049
Phone:	(03) 9217 4334
Fax:	(03) 9217 4111
Email:	Joanne.bobbitt@dpi.vic.gov.au
Objectives	· Develop one new product for each of buffalo, kangaroo, emu, ostrich, crocodile, camel, and rabbit. · Investigate the most appropriate packaging systems for the new and emerging meat industries, eg. Vacuum packaging, modified atmosphere packaging, frozen or fresh aerobic storage · Identify most appropriate cuts for value added products · Validate safety and shelf life of those products. Assess acceptance of such products into the market place · Send at least one trial consignment of each product to a potential market for evaluation
Background	People’s lifestyles have changed dramatically in recent times. From spending many hours in the kitchen preparing meals, they now expect meals to be presented at the table within 30 minutes. There is a huge opportunity for any industry to tap into the pre-prepared food market, in the form of supermarket retail ready packs complete with garnishes and condiments. These niche markets exist not only in Australia but also in Asian countries where ex-patriots frequent exclusive supermarket chains. Value added retail-ready products have proven successful with lamb and chicken products and so paves the way for new and emerging meats. It is critical that the development of products like these includes the maintenance of food safety and a reliably defined shelf life.
Research	One new value added product was developed for each of buffalo, kangaroo, emu, ostrich, crocodile, camel, and rabbit meat. As part of the development of these products the microbiological safety and shelf-life was validated, and the acceptance of the products was assessed by consumer tasting and accessing the market place.
Outcomes	The prototypes developed and evaluated, both by an untrained consumer taste panel and by microbiological analysis, were · Crocodile with Tandoori Masala  · Kangaroo with Madras Curry · Rabbit with Lemon Myrtle and Chilli · Ostrich with Smokey Mountain BBQ Pepper · Buffalo with Smokey Mountain BBQ Pepper · Emu with Native Mint and Mustard · Camel with Winzersteak. All products achieved at least a one week storage life at 4° C under either vacuum or 100% carbon dioxide gas flushed packaging.


 
 

Implications

There are opportunities for industry to explore the Singapore food service sector as a potential marketplace for the products developed in this project. Importation issues into Singapore require further investigation, though there is the opportunity for industry to introduce these products into Singapore by way of an official launch, as has been done for Australian pork. There is also the opportunity to expand this product range to give a selection of flavours for each of the meat species exists, except for ostrich, as at least one other flavour/meat combination is available for industry to assess. These, as yet unexplored, products are · Buffalo coated with Bush tomato salsa glaze · Buffalo coated with Buffalo encapsulated coating · Camel coated with Native mint and mustard coating · Camel with Native pepper leaf seasoning · Crocodile coated with Native mint and mango glaze · Crocodile coated with Wild lime, honey ginger and chilli glaze · Crocodile coated with Lemon myrtle and chilli glaze · Emu coated with Wild lime, honey ginger and chilli glaze · Emu with Cajun seasoning · Kangaroo coated with Wattleseed and garlic glaze · Kangaroo with Native pepper leaf seasoning · Rabbit coated with Bush tomato salsa glaze.

Publications

Bobbitt, J., Hasse, D., Isaac, J., Kondekas, N., Golubovic, S. (2002) Shelf life of vacuum packaged Australian ostrich meat. Proceedings of the 11th Australian Food Microbiology Conference (poster and abstract)Noosaville, Qld. Hasse, D., Gordon, G., Kondekas, N., Isaac, J., Golubovic, S. (2002) The microbiological assessment of commercially forumulated coatings for alternate meats. Proceedings of the 11th Australian Food Microbiology Conference (poster and abstract) Noosaville, Qld.


 
 
 
 

Project Title:	Improved breeding in dairy goats and milking sheep
RIRDC Project No.:	DRL-1A
Researcher:	David Lindsay, James Skerritt
Organisation:	David Lindsay  8 Cross St., Shenton Park WA 6008
Phone:	(08) 9381 3423
Fax:	(08) 6380 1893
Email:	dlindsay@agric.uwa.edu.au
Objectives	To develop a national breeding plan for the Australian dairy goat and milking sheep industries
Background	Both the dairy got and milking sheep industries identified the lack of systematic breeding plans as major impediments to the commercial development of the milking sheep and goat industries. This project was to develop such a plan
Research	The project was developed in three stages with progress reports after each stage The first reported on the perceptions and requirements of the industries in Australia (October 2001). The second dealt with the ways in which breeders in other countries organise their genetic programs (April, 2002). Based to a large extent on these first two reports , the third (July 2002) set out a framework for a national breeding scheme. It was not prescriptive, as many of the options required careful deliberation by those members of the industry who would be implementing the program or affected by its decisions.  RIRDC convened two national workshops, one for each industry in September 2002, with as many industry members as possible to work through the issues and get breeding plans under way for both industries.
Outcomes	The dairy goat and milking sheep industries have formed steering committees preparatory to electing Boards and appointing a coordinator to supervise their respective national schemes. The breeding objectives and selection criteria have been decided and genetic service providers and a milk analysis laboratory are being sought.
Implications	Present indications are that national plans including herd/flock recording of milk production and pedigrees will be in operation within 12 months
Publications	No scientific publications. Three interim reports to RIRDC.


 
 

Project Title:	Buffalo Industry Development Specialist
RIRDC Project No.:	KDO-1A
Researcher:	Kevin Doyle
Phone:	(02) 6681 5377
Fax:	(02) 6681 5388
Email:	Kev_doyle@bigpond.com.au
Objectives	· Liaise with Australian Buffalo Industry Board Members. · Facilitate Market Development of Buffalo meat. · Identify value added opportunities. · Set up national database on wholesale and retail buffalo meat outlets. · Collate national statistics on the industry. · Arrange and conduct two teleconferences and the AGM each year.
Background	The Buffalo Industry has been operating for some time and now have introduced Riverine genetics to the swamp buffalo. This crossbreeding has shown an increase in growth rates of 40% in first cross animals. This allows animals to be slaughtered at an early age so cuts of meat are tenderer. The Industry have a registered product name of Tender Buff and Quality Assurance Program. The numbers of animals have increased for small producers with limited market outlets
Research	To locate markets in the southern states for Tender Buff Specifications for high profile restaurants so as to increase the profile of Buffalo and promote it’s nutritional values. Also to identify smallgoods manufacturing for trim product. Drought conditions made statistics on herd numbers difficult.
Outcomes	In the past and presently the supply of good buffalo following the Tender buff specifications have proven to be successful in the Northern Territory at large hotels and butcher shops. High profile restaurants have been targeted in Melbourne through a wholesale outlet for game meat. This development is only early days and we do not have feedback as to date. Trim product has been very successful as mince, sausage, pies, and a number of value added products such as kabana, salami, and smoked product. Teleconferencing has proven a good source of information gathering from each state.
Implications	If the specification for Tender Buff is followed with high profile advertising the demand for buffalo will increase.(eg. Internet, Television)


 

Project Title:	Increasing markets for kangaroo products by improving kangaroo industry image
RIRDC Project No.:	LEC-1A
Researcher:	John Kelly
Organisation:	Lenah Consultancy
Phone:	(03) 6326 8639
Fax:	(03) 6326 2790
Email:	lenah@bigpond.net.au
Objectives	To improve consumer acceptance of kangaroo products by further improving the public image of the kangaroo industry.
Background	The kangaroo industry is one of the few industries in the country which spends the bulk of its promotional budget on simply defending what it does, rather than promoting product. The industry comes under regular and heated attack from radical vegetarians preying on the fact that it utilises iconic wildlife. Thus the industry has an ongoing and strong need to improve its image in the general public and defend itself against such attacks.
Research	This project focused on: 1) Generating positive media coverage on the kangaroo industry 2) Informing the Australian government and environmental academic community of the responsible and ethical nature of the kangaroo industry. 3) Facilitating incorporation of kangaroo industry information into environmental management curricula in Australian tertiary training.
Outcomes	The project generated in excess of one piece of positive mainstream media coverage on the kangaroo industry for every week of the projects duration. Considerable efforts were also devoted towards defending the industry in several campaigns mounted by radical anti kangaroo industry groups during the projects duration. It also produced 12 industry newsletters giving extensive information on the sustainable and responsible nature of the industry to the government and academic community. In addition the resources the project generated have assisted considerable use of the kangaroo industry as a model of sustainable wildlife utilisation in tertiary training.
Implications	It appears that during the course of the project public and government support for the kangaroo industry within Australia has improved considerably. Evidence is available that this has assisted domestic kangaroo meat market development. The kangaroo industry should ensure that there are ongoing resources to promote the industry as environmentally sustainable, responsible and wise.


 
 

Project Title:	Kangaroo Pet Meat Survey
RIRDC Project No.:	PAC-2A
Researcher:	Trevor Cook
Organisation:	PacALLIANCE (Australia) Pty Ltd.
Phone:	(02) 9943 6226
Fax:	(02) 9440 2257
Email:	tcook@sia.net.au
Objectives	To understand the attitudes of Vets and Breeders around Australia to the value of fresh kangaroo meat in a pet’s (dog and cat) diet. To obtain an indication of their willingness to recommend fresh kangaroo meat to pet owners. To get an indication of the type of support material they see as necessary or beneficial for them to make such recommendations
Background	An earlier RIRDC project PAC-1A(Report of the Scoping Exercise into the Impediments Facing the Kangaroo Pet Meat Sector) identified the value of the accepted experts (Vets and Breeders) in informing public opinion regarding the benefits of fresh meat in a pet’s diet, particularly given the weight of publicity from the major pet food manufacturers for dry or canned product.
Research	A representative sample of 100 vets and 20 breeders (10 dog and 10 cat) was drawn from all mainland States and interviewed. In addition members of the industry, vet dermatologists and retailers were interviewed. Secondary data from previous research and reports was sought on both the market size, consumer attitudes and opinions regarding pet diet.
Outcomes	Vets and breeders largely support the claims of the pet food manufacturers that processed products, particularly dry food, provide the necessary dietary requirements. This attitude is further endorsed by the fact that the majority also sell those products. Also a recent Australian Consumers Association report supports that opinion.  There is general agreement that pets benefit from fresh product - in the form of bones (as compared to lean meat).  There is a quite high level of interest in kangaroo meat as a product for animals with dietary intolerance and for those requiring a lower fat diet. There is also quite a high level of interest in obtaining more information on the facts surrounding the value of kangaroo meat in a pet’s diet and on the operation of the industry as a whole.
Implications	It is unlikely that vets or breeders will actively endorse fresh kangaroo meat as an alternative (even on an occasional basis) to dry or canned pet food in a regular diet.  However given the widely acknowledged special dietary application for kangaroo meat, the opportunity appears to exist to develop a Public Relations campaign to promote that unique, special value of kangaroo meat, thereby lifting the overall public image of the product from it’s current low level.  Any improvement in the public image of the product must be advantageous particularly in the face of the strong anti-kangaroo management program lobby and the heavy promotion by the pet food manufacturers.


 

Project Title:	Dairy Goat Farming Practices – for Specialty Cheese & Other Products
RIRDC Project No.:	PTP-11A
Researcher:	Arthur Stubbs Gaille Abud
Organisation:	Primary Tasks Pty Ltd Unit 58, Level 2, 247-255 Drummond Street 395 Flat Rock Road CARLTON, VIC. 3053 HURSTBRIDGE VIC. 3099
Phone:	(03) 9844 1135 (03) 9718 2041
Fax:	(03) 9844 4554 (03) 9718 2041
Email:	akstubbs@compuserve.com gaille_abud@iprimus.com.au
Objectives	Definition and demonstration of best practice procedures on-farm in feeding, health and mating management to achieve consistent quantity and quality of supply of goat milk at minimum cost for specialty cheese making.
Background	Phase 1 of this project (PTP-8A) revealed that there was a dearth of information on the effects on dairy goat productivity of various approaches to feeding, goat health, and mating. Also revealed was a lack of reliable market data for the specialty goat cheese sector. There was a need to provide on-farm demonstration and measurement of the effects of management practices. This had to be complemented by extension of the information gained, provision of benchmarks to farmers through the survey technique, and more specific market information to ensure stable and sound growth of the industry.
Research	Components of the project included: Establishment of focus farms to monitor and demonstrate farm management practices; Development of a computerised farm recording system for ease of data collection and analysis; Sourcing and updating technical information; Farm performance surveys to provide industry benchmarks; Market surveys to gather data on production, sales, imports and user opinions; Industry development and co-ordination through liaison and meetings; and an Overseas study tour to examine a mature dairy goat industry.
Outcomes	Focus farms and farm surveys have identified effective farm management practices and benchmarks. A pilot version of a specific dairy goat farm computer program has been produced. A technical manual of "Dairy Goat Notes" has been compiled for reference. Market information has provided a picture of the trade and of user preferences. An industry representative organisation has been formed. The overseas study tour has yielded valuable lessons for Australia.
Implications	The results of the project give dairy goat farmers guidelines for efficient production and will potentially benefit the industry through economical and consistent supply of milk for cheese and other products. Other benefits will include: improved milk, cheese and other product quality ensuring satisfaction of market demands for uniformity and reliability of product; improved export and import competitiveness; and co-ordination of stakeholders to assist development of an autonomous and sustainable dairy goat industry.


 

Project Title:	Husbandry and genetic strategies to improve hide quality of ostriches
RIRDC Project No.:	SAR-27A
Researcher:	Dr Phil Glatz
Organisation:	South Australian Research and Development Institute
Phone:	(08) 8303 7786
Fax:	(08) 8303 7689
Email:	Glatz.phil@saugov.sa.gov.au
Objectives	· Evaluate genetic selection as a tool for improving hide quality through reducing the prevalence of filoplumes and associated pinhole defects.  · Assess declawing of ostriches as a husbandry strategy to improve hide quality and examine the effects of declawing on walking ability and general behaviour of ostriches. · Establish if declawing can be justified as a husbandry practice to prevent its potential abuse.  · To improve the welfare of farmed ostriches, worker safety and economic returns by declawing ostriches.
Background	Currently in Australia only 10% of ostrich hides are achieving a good standard, because of the high incidence of skin damage. The main reason for the poor quality of hides is the presence of pinholes caused by filoplumes. Pinholes in hides decrease the value of ostrich skins, which is one of the main products from ostrich farming. Downgrading of hides also results from the presence of small scars. These are caused by ostrich claws and from skin abrasions caused by objects in the environment. In other bird species declawing can reduce skin lesions caused by claws. However there is a welfare concern with declawing. It may cause persistent pain and result in a change to normal behavioural patterns.
Research	This project examined the effect of declawing on ostrich behaviour. Declawing reduced some of the chick ostrich behaviours that cause skin damage. In 12-month-old ostriches there were no major differences in behaviour detected between declawed and control birds. There was, however, an increase in the incidence of slipping observed in declawed birds. Despite this, the behavioural evidence suggests that declawing does not compromise the welfare of yearling ostriches. Farm have reported a 25% improvement in quality of skins from declawed birds.
Outcomes	It is recommended that declawing of ostriches be included in the Ostrich Code of Practice. Using the practice will reduce the injuries inflicted by ostriches on each other and improve hide quality.
Implications	Declawing of ostriches can improve skin quality by 25%
Publications	Glatz, P.C. (2001). Effect of declawing on behaviour of ostrich chicks. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Zollikofen, pp 302-304


 
 

Project Title:	Performance Benchmarks for Selected New Animal Products
RIRDC Project No.:	WHP-2A
Researcher:	David Michael
Organisation:	Wondu Holdings Pty Limited
Phone:	(02) 9369 2735
Fax:	(02) 9369 2737
Email:	dmichael@wondu.com
Objectives	To improve business management and growth in productivity from new animal product enterprises through the derivation of relevant data and application of information through effective decision making aids and extension networks.
Background	There is growing demand from agricultural enterprises for improved information about economic and technical performance of comparable enterprises and decision-making frameworks for using the information. Access to improved information about management practices associated with higher performance is expected to improve understanding about enterprise productivity, profitability and viability. The new animal industries are typically small and this leads to a lack of servicing in terms of farm management information and advice, hence a case for support for benchmarking.
Research	At the start of the study an Inception Report was produced to help the design of an effective benchmarking program. Data on management practices were then collected from the following industries: emu production; ostrich production; ostrich processing; alpaca production; buffalo production; rabbit production; duck processing; crocodile production and processing; yabby production; and squab production. The data were collected over three financial years from 1999 to 2001 and was organised into four main sections: marketing, innovation, technical detail on operations, and financial outcomes. Comprehensive tables of the management practices were produced for each industry. A decision-making framework was prepared to facilitate understanding of benchmarking data and application to individual farm and processing situations.
Outcomes	There is significant variation between the practices and performance of respondents. This reflects variation in a number of variables. In some industries (e.g. crocodile production, ostrich processing and duck processing) there was a high level of specialisation, while in others (e.g. squab, emu, yabby and buffalo production) the enterprise accounted for a small share of total business income. But it was relevant to note that in all industries there were a few good operators making competitive returns to their investments. There were three recurring problems observed: weak information systems; inadequate knowledge and control of feeding management; and poor labour productivity. Profitable operators tended to have good practices in these three areas. In addition, they tended to score highly on innovation and marketing.
Implications	Effective management information systems are a basic requirement for the new animal industries, especially those that rely on intensive feeding practices, which in turn often means relatively high labour input. Further research could be undertaken to encourage the adoption of effective information management systems, improve feeding practices and take on better labour management practices. In addition, the presence of a few good operators in all industries suggests there might be gains in gathering a selection of firms from these industries to act as demonstration enterprises.
Publications	Inception Report for the Study of Performance Benchmarks for Selected New Animal Products Emu and Ostrich Production Benchmarks – RIRDC Report No 00/136 Ostrich Processing Benchmarks Alpaca, Buffalo and Rabbit Production and Duck Processing – RIRDC Report No 01/113 Crocodile, Squab and Yabby Production  - RIRDC Report No 02/113


 
 

Project Title:	Increase autumn and winter production of goat milk
RIRDC Project No.:	UMO-24A
Researcher:	Dr Alexander Cameron
Organisation:	Monash University
Phone:	(03) 5286 1211
Fax:	(03) 5286 1552
Email:	Meredith.dairy@netconnect.com.au
Objectives	To increase the production of goat milk in autumn and winter by increasing the proportion of the herd that commence lactation in autumn
Background	Goat milk manufactures with the highest profit margin have short shelf lives necessitating a relatively constant supply of milk. Unfortunately, goat milk production is seasonal, being greatest in spring and summer, then declining to a nadir in winter. Given adequate nutrition, this seasonal pattern of milk production is a direct reflection of the seasonal pattern of reproduction in goats, as they normally commence regular oestrous cycles in autumn, and thus kid in late winter and early spring. The objective of this project was to develop management options for advancing the breeding season of goats.
Research	The duration of the breeding season in late winter and early spring was defined. Artificial insemination was used in attempt to overcome the relative infertility of bucks in spring. Melatonin implants were used to advance the breeding season of bucks and does.
Outcomes	Does were found to continue cycling into early September, when oestrus abruptly ceased. Pregnancy rates in September were low, because the bucks were relatively infertile. Artificial insemination generally gave low pregnancy rates, but was of similar effectiveness in autumn and spring, indicating that low pregnancy rates when ovulation is induced in spring is a consequence of relatively infertile males. Stimulating bucks by exposing them to lighting for 2 months in winter, and the administering 2 sequential melatonin implants increased the pregnancy rates of does that were joined to in December. Melatonin advanced the onset of the breeding season when administered as 2 sequential implants before joining in December or January. The resultant pregnancy rate was 50% for those joined in December and 92% for those joined in January.
Implications	This research indicates that satisfactory pregnancy rates can be obtained in August and January, as well as in autumn. The use of these 3 joining periods should spread kidding dates sufficiently to permit relatively uniform year round milk production.


 

Project Title:	Commercial safari hunting of Australian game - a feasibility study – Part 1
RIRDC Project No.:	UQ-95A
Researcher:	Gordon Dryden and Stephen Craig-Smith
Organisation:	University of Queensland
Pho