RIRDC Completed Projects in 2002-2003 & Research in Progress as at June 2003

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To Reslient Agricultural Systems Research-in-Progress

4.2 RESILIENT AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS - COMPLETED PROJECTS

                                                Sustainable production systems development

PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION
ASH-1A	Innovative paths for sustainable farm business expansion	Mr. Rod Ashby	(03) 5224 2663	RG Ashby Pty Ltd
CSE-83A	National electronic modelling network for pest, disease and weed management	Dr. Robert Sutherst	(07) 3365 1867	CSIRO Entomology
HRD-2A	Increasing the opportunities for use of organic wastes in the Tasmanian vegetable industry	Mr. John McPhee	(03) 6421 7674	DPI (Tasmania)
QDN-7A	Use of fire to control parthenium weed	Dr. Kunjithapatham Dhileepan	(02) 4787 3300	Queensland Dept of Natural Resources and Mines
RMI-10A	Re-use potential of agri-industry wastes in the Melbourne/Metropolitan region	Dr. Barry Meehan	(03) 9660 2119	Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
UQ-90A	System theory for sustainable development and food security	A/Prof. Ken Rickert	(07) 4632 6262	The University of Queensland

                                                New and Emerging agri-industry systems

PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION
DAV-177A	OPTIONS SERIES: Feasibility of community supported agriculture (Subscription farming) in Australia	Mr. Greg Cahill	(03) 5430 4444	Dept of Primary Industries (Vic)
DAW-99A	Land valuation as a potential driver for environmental management systems	Mr. Paul Findlater	(08) 9956 8535	Dept of Agriculture (WA)
NYP-1A	Distichlis for rehabilitation of highly saline areas for grain, turf and grazing	Mr. John Leake	(08) 8272 8088	NyPa Pty Ltd
UT-32A	OPTIONS SERIES: Alternative land tenure arrangements for encouraging enterprise diversification	Prof. Robert Clark	(03) 6226 2619	University of Tasmania

                                                New technology systems - management

PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION
USA-12A	A cost effective spillway design/review procedure for Southeastern Australian farm dams - STAGE 2	Dr. John Pisaniello	(08) 8302 0887	University of South Australia
WHP-5A	Biodegradable Polymer Supply Chains implications and opportunities for Australian agriculture	Mr. David Michael	(02) 9369 2735	Wondu Holdings Pty Limited

                                                Accreditation Systems

PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION
ACL-1A	Environmental partnerships: combining sustainability and commercial advantage in the commercial sector	Prof. Neil Gunningham	(02) 6249 3397	Gunningham & Associates Pty Ltd
DAN-187A	Adoption of environmental management systems (EMS) in agriculture - case studies, a compendium of BMPs and an on-going newsletter	Ms. Genevieve Carruthers	(02) 6626 1237	NSW Dept of Agriculture
DAQ-276A	Development of market orientated environmental certification for rangeland pastoral industries	Dr. Lester Pahl	(07) 4688 1302	Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
CSL-15A	Credible 'clean and green' - alternative EMS options	Prof. Mike Young	(02) 6242 1600	CSIRO Land and Water
EAR-1A	Developing sustainable agriculture certification standards for marketing Australian produce	Ms. Claudia Cowell	(02) 8584 8888	Earthmark Pty Ltd

                                                Commissioned Projects

PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION	PAGE No
HAS-9A	Hydroponics as an agricultural production system	Mr. Michael Clarke	(02) 9241 5655	Hassall & Associates	24

Sustainable Production Systems Development


Project Title:	Innovative paths for sustainable farm business expansion
RIRDC Project No:	ASH-1A
Researcher:	Mr. Rod Ashby
Organisation:	RG Ashby Pty Ltd PO Box 916 GEELONG VIC 3220
Phone:	(03) 5224 2663
Email:	rga@rrg.com.au
Objectives	· To enable primary producers to choose the most appropriate form of land tenure and legal business ownership including the taxation implications, whilst taking into account the effect of these structural issues on long term sustainable land management. Two publications will be produced in a form which will assist primary producers to make decisions on these vital issues.
Background	Economies of scale affect the profitability of the farm business – the larger the business the better the income. Expansion can occur by leasing or sharefarming as well as purchasing. Leasing should ideally be set up in a sustainable manner. This book on leasing discusses these issues. Different forms of legal ownership are not only taxed differently but influence decisions made by the proprietors. They also affect the long term sustainability of the business. This book on legal ownership explores these issues and relationships.
Research	The book on leasing was prepared after a study tour of the USA and UK and after discussions with a range of farm businesses that lease or plan to lease land. The book on business structures was prepared after an extensive review of the different forms of structures currently used by farmers.
Outcomes	Two publications for use by primary producers and rural land owners.
Implications	Farmers could expand by leasing land under a long term contract which is fair to landowner and tenant and manages the land in a sustainable way. Farmers should also consider the effect of their legal structure on long term sustainable management.
Publications	Ashby, R.G. 2003, Successful land leasing in Australia. A guide for farmers and their advisers. June 2003, RIRDC pub #03/080. Choosing farm business structures for sustainable land management. Publication pending.


 

Project Title:	Value added culinary herbs
RIRDC Project No:	CSE-83A
Researcher:	Dr. Robert Sutherst
Organisation:	CSIRO Entomology Long Pocket Laboratories 120 Meiers Rd, INDOOROOPILLY QLD 4068
Phone:	07 3365 1867
Fax:	07 3365 1855
Email:	Bob.Sutherst@csiro.au
Objectives	§ To facilitate a national, collaborative approach to the management of pests, by building networks of experts, policy makers and managers, using the latest computer simulation and communications technology. This will provide industry with a sustainable, national approach to integrated pest management that will be able to respond rapidly to changing economic or environmental conditions.
Background	Insect pests, plant and animal diseases and weeds (‘pests’) cost Australia several billion dollars each year. Australia’s expertise on integrated pest management (IPM) is thinly spread across a huge area containing diverse environments. In many respects application of IPM expertise in Australia is lagging behind developments overseas. This is despite having world leading computer tools with which to develop and deliver advisory information. If industry is to remain internationally competitive in a rapidly changing commercial environment, it has to work smarter. That means accessing the best possible information when and where it is needed. With our modest sized population and industries, it is vital that the available expertise is used to the best advantage.
Research	National networks (‘Interest Groups") are being established to address key pest problems around the country. Each network pools its data and skills to build and test a computer simulation model that describes the ecology and management of their target pest. The models then provide a means for managers and policy makers to design optimal management strategies for that pest in a wide range of environments. In addition a network was established to adopt a generally applicable approach to the management of resistance of pests, and a training workshop was run to train field managers how to use simulation models to address their problems.
Outcomes	Pest related networks were established to quantify the ecology and management of a number of insect pests (Queensland fruit fly; Diamond back moth, light brown apple moth), weeds (bitou bush, Parkinsonia, rubber vine, ) and a plant disease (wheat striped rust). These groups are progressing with model development and testing in different environments. Another group addressed the issue of how to manage the development of resistance to protective products. The Weed and Tropical Plant Protection CRCs have adopted the project’s approach.
Implications	While Australia is just beginning to embrace the use of mathematical modelling as a design and predictive tool in IPM, progress is rapid overseas. In recognition of this state of affairs, researchers, policy makers and managers have demonstrated rare levels of collaboration during the project. It is critical that rural industries now support their research providers to equip them to work smarter to achieve the goals of economic, environmental and social sustainability.
Publications	Sutherst, R.W. & Maywald, G.F. (1998). DYMEX modelling workshops: a national, collaborative approach to pest risk analysis and IPM in Australia. In Zalucki, M.P., Drew, R.A.I. & White, G.G. (Eds) Pest Management – Future Challenges. Proc. 6th Australasian Applied Entomological Research Conference. 2: 57-62. University of Queensland, Brisbane. Sutherst, Bob, Murdiyarso, Daniel & Widayati, Atiek (1999). Modelling global change impacts on pests. Biotrop-GCTE IC-SEA Report No. 7. Bogor, Indonesia. 108pp

Project Title:	Increasing the opportunities for use of organic wastes in the Tasmanian vegetable industry
RIRDC Project No:	HRD-2A
Researcher:	John McPhee
Organisation:	Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment
Phone:	03 6421 7674
Fax:	03 6424 5142
Email:	john.mcphee@dpiwe.tas.gov.au
Objectives	§ To investigate some of the barriers, perceived or otherwise, to the increased use of recycled organic materials in the Tasmanian vegetable industry.
Background	Loss of soil organic matter is a significant challenge facing the intensive vegetable industry. Organic wastes produced by urban and agri-industrial activities present major disposal and management problems to local government and environmental authorities. The challenges of soil organic matter decline and organic waste disposal provide an opportunity to improve the economics and environmental credentials of the production and processing sectors of the vegetable industry. The use of recycled organic materials in agriculture and horticulture is not widespread, with some of the reasons being lack of knowledge of benefits to growers, availability of suitable products, transport, handling and processing costs, and concerns regarding the impact of organic waste reuse in the context of QA schemes and food safety.
Research	The project undertook four areas of activity. A survey was conducted to determine the quantities and types of organic residuals generated by agri-industry in Tasmania. The focus of this survey was on materials with potential for reuse in agriculture. A review of alternative reuse options was conducted to determine the potential for other higher value uses, apart from return to land recycling. An Excel based model was developed to assist in determining the relative economics of various scales of organic recycling operation, ranging from small on-farm facilities to large, centralised operations. A review of QA and HACCP issues surrounding the use of recycled organic materials in vegetable production was done.
Outcomes	The project has identified some 250,000 t of organic residuals are produced each year in Tasmania, a lot of which has potential for reuse as soil conditioners and other inputs for agriculture, particularly vegetable production. Economic modelling shows that the costs of producing compost or similar products is quite variable, and heavily dependent on size of operation, overhead costs compared to throughput, and transport distance to end users. Quality issues are at the forefront of many people's concerns with regard to the use of recycled organic materials in vegetable production.
Implications	The availability of the information in the database should assist the development, and ultimate availability, of processed organic materials in the vegetable industry. The economics of compost production is a significant barrier to overcome if compost, and similar products, is to be supplied to agricultural markets. For larger operations, tip fees are a critical component of economic viability. Society has a mixed value system in relation to the use of recycled organic materials for food production. On the one hand, issues of food safety tend to work against the use of such materials, with largely unfounded fears of food contamination. On the other hand, expectations of responsible environmental management are driving significant changes in the areas of waste management and agriculture. It is critical that the recycled organics meets the quality demands of end products to ensure the levels of food safety demanded by markets. There is a need to champion the message that properly monitored and managed composting operations produce products that are quite safe to use in food production. Mature compost is not "waste" – it is a potentially valuable input to agricultural production systems.
Publications	Survey database at: http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/EGIL-53M7AH?open when arrangements are finalised. Economic model at: http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au when arrangements are finalised.

Project Title:	Use of fire to control parthenium weed
RIRDC Project No:	QDN-7A
Researcher:	Dr Wayne Vogler
Organisation:	Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines Tropical Weeds Research Centre PO BOX 187 Charters Towers Qld 4820
Phone:	07 4787 0607
Fax:	07 4787 3969
Email:	Wayne.Vogler@nrm.qld.gov.au
Objectives	§ To evaluate the effectiveness of fire as a management tool to control parthenium weed. Fire, if found to be a successful method of control, will be the most cost-effective weed management option available in pastures and rangelands.
Background	Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.; Asteraceae) is a major pest plant in Queensland. It causes serious economic, health and environmental problems in rural areas of Queensland. Fire is an important part of the ecology of the Australian landscape and is commonly used in northern Australia for pasture and woody weed management. Currently, there are no data on the effects of fire on parthenium.
Research	The effect of fire and smoke on the population of parthenium and native pasture species and their soil seed bank was investigated in the native grasslands of central Queensland.
Outcomes	Fire does not significantly reduce the germinable soil seed bank of parthenium (at least on black cracking clay soils in central Queensland), nor does smoke from such fires stimulate parthenium seed germination. Fire did however result in one-off increases in parthenium densities, which after subsequent fires rapidly declined to almost nil at the end of the research. Fire did not adversely affect pasture species diversity.  The study has also demonstrated that removal of grazing animals for extended periods (as with the control treatments) delivers similar reductions in the presence of parthenium to that of burning or mowing the pasture. This indicates that periodic removal of almost all vegetative material is not detrimental to pasture condition in terms of parthenium.
Implications	Landholders should not refrain from using fire when necessary as a cost effective management tool for pasture species manipulation or woody weed control. Post fire pasture/grazing management so that so that desirable pasture species maintain/regain their competitiveness is critical if parthenium is to be effectively managed. In the future it may be beneficial to scientifically evaluate a range of grazing systems for their effectiveness in managing parthenium while maintaining productivity.
Publications	Vogler, W. 2002, ‘The effect of fire on parthenium: Implications for management, 7th Queensland Weed Symposium, Emerald, Queensland, 24-27 June.

Project Title:	Re-use potential of agri-industry wastes in the Melbourne/metropolitan region
RIRDC Project No:	RMI-10A
Researchers:	Associate Professor Barry Meehan Dr Jay Maheswaran
Organisation:	RMIT University
Phone:	(03)99252119
Fax:	(03)96391321
Email:	barry.meehan@rmit.edu.au
Objectives	§ To utilise wastes from agri-industries in the Melbourne/Metropolitan region by identifying, characterising and developing them as resources.
Background	Wastes from agricultural industries have great potential for re-use as sources of water, organic matter, nutrients, mulches or soil conditioning agents (Rechcigl and Herbert 1997). Currently, there is little compiled information on agri-industry wastes produced in Victoria. Furthermore, wastes from such industries are often by default deemed as prescribed wastes making land disposal an expensive option. Surveying and characterising these wastes is essential before any assessment can be made of their re-use potential. If the waste streams are non-toxic and free of contamination, they can be effectively re-used by careful selection and suitable pre-treatment. By combining different waste streams, high nutrient value composted materials with consistent physical and chemical characteristics could be produced and tailored to suit various crop and soil requirements.
Research	A number of waste streams with high reuse potential were identified and information on their volume and composition was collated. On the basis of this survey, a number of waste streams were selected for further investigation. These involved both remediation of two wastes using composting and land application of a third waste as a mulch. Composting was found to be an effective method for the remediation of cut flower waste contaminated with a number of common pesticides. The resulting composted product was subsequently shown to be an effective mulch and bulking agent for potting mixes in ornamental flower production. In a further study, composting was investigated as a means of diverting large quantities of potato scrap and peelings from landfill disposal. Land application of partly decomposed hair waste from the tanning process was shown to have an immediate benefit to productivity and there was some evidence of improved soil physical characteristics.
Outcomes	Waste streams selected for investigation on the basis of surveys conducted over a 12-month period included wool scouring & scour sludge, Tannery sludges & hair, Food waste and cut flower waste. Based on the analysis most of the wastes were found to have heavy metal contaminant levels below EPA recommended guidelines for landfill disposal. Tannery hair was found to contain a considerable amount of N, however the product may first require pre-treatment to remove traces of chromium before it could be converted into a nutrient source for land application. Tannery sludges were inappropriate for agricultural land application due to chromium contamination. Food production wastes such as potato skins were found to be free from contaminants and could be composted in combination with other green organic wastes. Cut flower waste was found to contain levels of common pesticide residues, however composting with domestic green-waste was found to reduce the concentrations of these compounds below detectable levels. Further composting trials are in progress blending potato skin wastes with green-wastes and to date the results show that this is an effective and inexpensive alternative to landfill disposal. The project outcomes have been presented at two key Waste Management Conferences in Australia and the project team will participate in a Composting and Organic Waste School in November 2000 with the Composting Team from Maine University in the United States.
Implications	This project has shown that large amounts of potentially reusable organic wastes are disposed of in landfills in the Melbourne – Metropolitan region. With appropriate remediation, many of these materials can be readily converted into useful products that can be used as either mulches or soil ameliorants. This has obvious environmental benefits as well as immediate benefits for the waste producer and production of inexpensive agricultural and horticultural products.
Publications	Reports have been presented to a number of conferences and workshops, these include # Ken Peverill, Jay Maheswaran, Barry Meehan, Kim Phung (2000). Workshop on Remediation of Agri-Industry Solid Waste using Composting, Maine University August 2000, USA (Oral) # Ken Peverill, Jay Maheswaran, Barry Meehan, Kim Phung and Anne-Marie Dziedzic (2000). Conversion of Green-waste from Cut flower Production into A Value-added Soil Ameliorant, Proceedings of Towards Better Management of Wastes and Contaminated Sites in the Australasia-Pacific Region Conference, May 2000, Adelaide (Oral and Abstract) # Jay Maheswaran, Justine Cody, Barry Meehan, Fiona Baxter, Kim Phung and Anne-Marie Dziedzic (1999). Conversion Opportunities for Agri-Industry Wastes, Proceedings of Contaminated Wastes Industry Future Directions Conference, November 1999, Melbourne (Oral and Full paper)

Project Title:	System theory for sustainable development and food security
RIRDC Project No:	UQ-90A
Researcher:	Ken Rickert
Organisation:	School of Natural and Rural Systems Management  Gatton Campus University of Queensland
Phone:	07 5460 1047
Fax:	07 5460 1324
Email:	nrsm@uqg.uq.edu.au; janrickert@bigpond.com
Objectives	§ To collate and describe key emerging theories and principles that underpin farming systems in Australia as they move into the 21st Century.
Background	Australia and The Netherlands are two countries with comparable populations and large amounts of agricultural exports. Whereas Australian farms tend to be extensive dryland systems, which degrade resources through exploitation, the Dutch farms are intensive with waste products leading to resource degradation. The contrasting experiences of both countries provide an opportunity to examine the theoretical base to agricultural systems and to identify common lessons for the future of farming in most developed countries.
Research	Twelve Australian and nine Dutch authors reviewed and compared topics ranging from the history and expectations of farming systems, though an overview of systems thinking, to appropriate technologies and policies for the future.
Outcomes	The reviews are arranged as 11 chapters with conclusions on some of the key biophysical and socio-economic issues facing farming beyond 2002. Australian and Dutch experiences expand the scope and relevance of the conclusions and provide pointers for achieving the triple bottom line- farming systems that are ecologically sustainable, profitable and socially acceptable. Key conclusions include the need to regard our economy within an ecological realm where a nation’s land and water resources are finite, and the farmer’s management environment is dynamic, ranging from local to global scales. Technological change brings winners and losers. The community needs to help devise national policies for agriculture and resource management. Farmers should be compensated for good land stewardship and the ecosystem services they provided. The future depends on ‘doing the right things’ rather than ‘doing things rightly’.
Implications	This project has produced a book that collates lessons from Australian and Dutch agriculture and provides new insights into ‘systems thinking’ and technologies for the future of farming.
Publications	RIRDC is to publish the material as book called: ‘Emerging challenges for farming systems – lessons from Australian and Dutch agriculture’.


New and Emerging Agri-industry Systems
 

Project Title:	Feasibility of Community Supported Agriculture (Subscription Farming) in Australia
RIRDC Project No:	DAV-177A
Researcher:	Adrian Parker
Organisation:	Department of Natural Resources & Environment, Box 3100, Bendigo Delivery Centre, Vic. 3554
Phone:	03 5430 4472
Fax:	03 5448 4982
Email:	Adrian.parker@nre.vic.gov.au
Objectives	To promote the concept and practical application of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) in Australia by · investigating the principles and practices underlying the concept of CSA as it has developed in USA and Canada and document any case studies in CSA enterprises here in Australia. · determining if the concept is feasible and, if so, how it can be applied in Australian conditions · develop a practical Guide for landholders to develop CSA enterprises using the key success factors identified in the case studies.
Background	Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is one of the fastest growing forms of agriculture in the USA today. It is a relatively new relationship marketing exercise that sees the sharing of production risks equally spread between the farmer and the consumer. In the good years every one profits and in the poorer years everyone makes do with what they get. Fundamental issues underlying the concept include food safety, food quality, sustainability and environmental conservation. Today there are well in excess of 1000 CSA enterprises in the states all with significant numbers of prepaid members. There are perhaps as many again that are slight variations of the CSA theme. However, in contrast to this Australia has very few CSA enterprises.
Research	An extensive review of the literature revealed that some most work with CSA has been undertaken in the USA and Europe. A range of five case studies was identified and examined, these included 4 fully fledged CSA enterprises and a Community Garden. The Community garden served as a contrast to the concept and identified unique differences associated with CSA enterprises. The farm managers were visited and interviewed utilising a semi structured interview technique. Their comments combined with the literature was combined to develop an understanding of the feasibility of the concept within the Australian context.
Outcomes	A number of extension aides have evolved including 2 Victorian Agnotes covering CSA and Farms’ Markets. In addition a manual containing practical information for establishing and running a CSA has been developed.
Implications	Community Supported Agriculture has many advantages for both the farmer (individuals) and the wider community. Farmers, by having pre paid memberships, can feel comfortable about venturing into this type of enterprise. With this scenario in place it provides a viable land use option for smaller landholders that are located near a community. The community on the other hand is encouraged to visit the farm and contribute to the production of their vegetables. This activity serves as an ideal mechanism in bridging the gap between the farmer and the consumer.
Publications	Farm Diversification Information Service (2001) Farmers’ Markets Agnote Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Victoria. Farm Diversification Information Service (2002) Community Supported Agriculture Agnote Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Victoria. Parker, A. (2002) Feasibility of Community Supported Agriculture in Australia. RIRDC: Canberra.

Project Title:	Land valuation as a potential driver for environmental management systems
RIRDC Project No:	DAW 99A
Researcher:	Catherine Nind
Organisation:	Department of Agriculture Western Australia 36 Railway Pde MIDLAND WA 6056
Phone:	08 9274 5355
Fax:	08 9250 1859
Email:	cnind@agric.wa.gov.au
Objectives	§ To identify current land valuation processes and regulations for rating and taxation and prepare an overview of issues and opportunities; To canvass the issues with stakeholders and establish the usefulness of using land valuation as a "driver" for the adoption of Environmental Management Systems (EMS); To negotiate with valuing agencies with regard to appropriate methodologies; and To prepare recommendations for government, landowners and the real-estate industry regarding land valuation processes that could be linked with EMS.
Background	The development of EMS in agriculture is at an early stage, but is gaining momentum in Australia. In order for EMS to be taken up by landowners, there is a need for strong incentives. One possibility is to offer an incentive through land valuation. If the real estate industry, and other valuing agencies, could be encouraged to recognise the use of responsible environmental management then this would be an added incentive for landowners to be better "stewards." Workshop participants at the 1999 National EMS conference in Ballina suggested an increase in land value as a possible incentive to encourage the adoption of EMS in Australian agriculture. This report investigates whether land valuation has the potential to drive the adoption of EMS in agriculture.
Research	Methods used involved mainly desk top research, and discussions with members of the valuation, banking and real estate sectors. An email survey, workshop and informal discussions with stakeholders were undertaken to determine the potential for land valuation to drive the adoption of EMS. The report is a compilation and interpretation of the existing information and opinion.
Outcomes	Valuers can only take into account attributes that are valued by the marketplace when determining the market value of land. Therefore, until EMS is recognised by the land market as having value, valuers cannot take this into account in valuation. EMS is a process and not a performance based system. This means that there is a need for performance standards to be developed if incentives linked to EMS are offered, as environmental performance is variable. A property that has an effective EMS in place ensures that land degradation does not get to a critical level. The market is likely to value the after effect of having an EMS such as maintaining the productivity of the land and the quality of natural resources. A property that does not have an EMS, but has sound environmental practices in place may achieve the same increase in land value, without the documentation. An increase in the market value of land can also lead to an increase in rates and taxes on that land, depending on the cent in the dollar rate set by local government. An incentive in the form of a rate rebate, a discount on rates or a grant is needed to encourage landowners to adopt an EMS. A star rating system is proposed to offer incentives linked to a tiered industry approach to EMS. Incentives offered through rating are likely to be more successful in shires that have a large and diverse rate base, and a large urban population. Valuer General Offices throughout Australia have indicated that incentives are better offered through local government rather than providing a discount on valuation for rating and taxation.
Implications	The evidence presented in this report indicates that land valuation is unlikely to be an important driver for the adoption of EMS in agriculture until it is recognised by the land market as having value. Rates are only a small cost to farmers in the production budget. The adoption of EMS in agriculture will be influenced more by other drivers such as maintained market access, improved productivity and reduced environmental risk for lending institutions. EMS needs to be perceived by consumers as having value before it is reflected in valuation.
Publications	Nind C., 2002. Beyond Location, Looks and Lifestyle: The Potential to Link Environmental Management Systems (EMS) in Agriculture, Proceedings of the National EMS Conference, Ballina, 2001 (in press). Department of Agriculture, 2002. The Role of EMS in Land Valuation (in press). Nind C., 2001. Land Valuation as a Potential Driver for the adoption of EMS, Environmental Management Systems in Agriculture Current Issues: Future Directions Issue 6 May 2001.

Project Title:	NyPa Distichlis Cultivars: Rehabilitation of Highly Saline Areas for Forage Turf and Grain
RIRDC Project No:	NYP-1A
Researcher:	John Leake
Organisation:	NyPa Australia Pty Limited 14d Birdwood St Netherby SA 5062.
Phone:	08 8272 8088
Fax:	08 8272 8588
Email:	jleake@iid.org
Objectives	§ To study the potential for Distichlis species to be used for turf, fodder and grain in highly saline areas of Australia.
Background	NyPa Australia Pty Limited has the rights to 4 patented cultivars of DistichlisSPP a halophyte selected and patented by NyPa Inc a US corporation. The plants were imported into Australia in 1994 and, following observation trials, NyPa Australia, RIRDC, SARDI and DAWA agreed to collaborate to investigate the ecological range and use of the plants in Australia’s dry land salinity areas. The investigations were conducted between July 1998 and completed in September 2001
Research	The research involved the following: _ establishing markers in those areas where Distichlis has been planted out to measure spread over a period of two years, root depths and saline water table depth _ bulking up material for feeding to sheep to determine palatability and obvious health implications _ undertaking glass house investigations of Distichlis strains under varying conditions of salinity and waterlogging in soils representative of an area(s) of Southern Australia _ collating information and documentation of trials and observations and presented these to RIRDC under agreed confidentiality mechanisms _ undertaking preliminary studies of milling characteristics of the grain in SARDI’s facilities at the Waite Institute.
Outcomes	The research has shown that each of the Distichlis cultivars have productive uses and are suitable for the range of regions with dry land salinity in southern Australia where saline ground water exists close to or at the surface although there are variations in establishment for reasons not yet understood. The plants grow strongly in the summer and autumn when little other green feed is available without irrigation and in areas of low hydraulic conductivity they may keep pace with rising ground water. The plants provide environmental services by; using saline ground water, improving, soil structure, drainage and rebuilding organically active carbon stores in land afflicted with dry land salinity. The NyPa ‘Wild Wheat’® cultivar produces a nil gluten flour suitable for a range of baked human food products. The NyPa Forage™ produces good quantities of palatable moderately nutritious green feed for ruminants. The NyPa Turf appears suitable as an amenity grass in hot dry areas with access to saline water or treated effluent water. The NyPa reclamation grass colonises degraded areas such as mine wastes and are being used in the USA to rehabilitate land degraded by oilfield saline water discharge.
Implications	The CSIRO has noted that Australia’s dry land salinity regions need a perennial deep-rooted crop able to use saline ground water in saline water discharge zones. This range of plants offers this promise and is ready for commercialisation by pioneering farmers. The plants are likely to also be useful in the serial biological concentration of irrigation drainage water, providing a feedstock for land-based aquaculture. A commercialisation agreement has been signed with Elders Limited.
Publications	Project progress reports and a two volume set of background papers available on application. Other reports are in preparation.

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Project Title	Land Tenure and Land Management Options
RIRDC Project No:	UT-32A
Researchers:	Professor Rob Clark, Shane Broad and Amabel Fulton
Organisation:	Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research
Phone:	+61 3 62262619
Fax:	+61 3 62262642
Email:	Rob.Clark@utas.edu.au
Internet:	www.tiar.tas.edu.au
Objectives	§ Evaluate alternative land tenure agreements and provide recommendations for their implementation
Background	A number of commentators on Australian agriculture have argued that the future viability of agriculture lies in the separation of ownership of land from the use of land. This has the dual benefit of freeing up wealth from the fixed asset, and allowing investment (of humans and capital) in productivity. There has, however, been virtually no research on alternative land tenure arrangements in Australian agriculture, and the likely benefits this could provide to enterprise diversification, industry development and ultimately, rural development. It is proposed that such research could inform the debate on land tenure and produce strategies for accelerating change in Australian agriculture.
Research	The project initially involved 15 semi-structured interviews with landholders and various key informants including consultants, accountants and banking representatives to scope the project.  This research and a review of Australian and International literature was presented to a steering committee. Feedback from the steering committee led to the investigation of a number of case studies that were examples of various forms of alternative land tenure.  The case studies were categorised into five sections; leasing, sharefarming, joint ventures; incorporation and innovative use of agreements. Simple methods of choosing an agreement category were discussed and each category highlighted a number of key messages and a key messages. However, the preliminary interviews and case studies had no random selection process for respondents and there was no quantitative data, only qualitative. Therefore to determine if the reported landowner opinions of the benefits and concerns are more widely held a quantitative survey was employed.  A survey was then developed to determine the previous use of agreements; interest in entering agreements now, in five or ten years time; and landowner opinions of the benefits and concerns of the use of alternative land tenure agreements that the case studies and preliminary research raised.
Outcomes	The research lead to a number of recommendations including; the production of an information package and booklet with standard agreements and guidelines; the use of a certification system; and the development of benchmark values for lease rentals. A chapter outlining land tenure options was prepared for the RIRDC Farmer Options Series.
Implications	Implementation of the recommendations would allow landowners to make more informed land tenure decisions.


                                    New Technology Systems - Management

Project Title	A cost effective spillway design/review procedure for Southeastern Australian farm dams
RIRDC Project No.:	USA-12A and 10A
Researcher:	Dr John Pisaniello and Prof Jennifer McKay
Organisation:	University of South Australia Water Policy and Law Group School of International Business GPO Box 2471 ADELAIDE SA 5001
Phone:	(08) 8302 0031 or (08) 8302 0887
Fax:	(08) 8302 0512
Email:	John.Pisaniello@unisa.edu.au or Jennifer.McKay@unisa.edu.au
Internet:	www.business.unisa.edu.au/waterpolicylaw
Objectives	· To encourage private dam owners in Southeastern Australia to review and upgrade their spillways to meet current acceptable standards so as to protect lives, public and private infrastructure and the environment by developing a cost-effective flood capability design/review procedure which is in line with ANCOLD guidelines and current best practice, thereby promoting consistency and uniform standards.
Background	The project has expanded existing research on South Australia where simple and cost-effective regionalised spillway design/review curves had already been developed as part of the Pisaniello (1997) PhD thesis, and similar preliminary curves had subsequently been developed in a few regions of Victoria from DNRE funded research. The research looks to help private dam owners meet their legal obligation to review and upgrade their dams as a result of recent updates to meteorological information and engineering design standards.
Research	The project has been a pilot study involving two main components: (1) works in NSW to at least get a set of design/review curves off the ground and (2) works in VIC to help expand the already developed curves. The research has comprised collecting and collating "modern" small catchment flood data and using it in accordance with the Pisaniello (1997, PhD) modelling and development processes to help develop "current best-practice" flood capability prediction relationships for farm dams throughout NSW and Victoria. The regionalised process aims to represent the hydraulic response of any size of reservoir and spillway(s) relative to the hydrological flood response of the selected "catchment type".
Outcomes	The design/review relationships developed in the project have demonstrated remarkable accuracies (ie. R2 > 0.90). This has led to the establishment of a reliable and credible procedure that will strongly encourage better private dam design and safety management in both NSW and Victoria. The procedure is applicable to dams on small catchments up to 100 km2 in size in NSW and up to 20 km2 in size in Victoria: this will usually cater for most private dam cases in each State. Whilst at this stage the curves are not final due to a lack of representation of varying catchment sizes and locations throughout each State’s sub-regions, they are "useable" at least until the curves are finalised in an ARC funded discovery project due to be completed in 2005.
Implications	Farm dams are a key component of most agricultural systems. Up until now, the cost of accessing professional advice about dam design and safety has resulted in it being out of the reach of many landholders. This research provides a more affordable process to assist those seeking professional advice in South Eastern Australia. It establishes a procedure which in essence involves the application of a series of complex calculations. By applying these calculations, the spillway and storage capacity of any farm dam can be readily reviewed or designed. In addition to the process being simple and affordable, importantly modern engineering best practice principles are being met! The technology will provide numerous benefits including: (1) cost savings to private owners in reviewing their dams and in meeting their legal "occupiers" duty to appropriately manage potential peril from their land, and (2) providing a deserved level of safety assurance to downstream communities and minimising loss of life as well as economic and environmental losses. The final product also has clear commercial potential given the thousands of existing farm dams in SEAust requiring review and the many more which are continually being built every year requiring adequate design.
Publications	Pisaniello, J.D., McKay, J.M. and Perera, S. (2000), 'Cost-effective Spillway Design/Review for Small Dams in Victoria: Avoiding Dam Failure Emergencies', TheAust. Journal of Emergency Management, EMA, Vol 15, No 4, pp. 2-9.  Pisaniello, J. D. and McKay, J. M. (2002) ‘A Simple and Cost-effective Spillway Design/Review Tool for Farm Dam Owners’, Water, Aust Water Association, pp 110 –113.  Pisaniello, J.D. and McKay, J.M. (2003), ‘A Farmer-Friendly Dam Safety Evaluation Procedure as a Key Part of Modern Australian Water Laws’, Water International, Journal of IWRA, Vol 28, No 1, pp 88-100.

Project Title	Biodegradable Polymer Supply Chains – Implications and Opportunities for Australian Agriculture
RIRDC Project No:	WHP-5A
Researcher:	David Michael
Organisation:	Wondu Holdings Pty Ltd
Phone:	02 9369 2735
Fax:	02 9369 2737
Email:	dmichael@wondu.com
Objectives	· To identify, map and examine the supply chain for producing bioplastics from various Australian crop plants. There would be a focus on biodegradable polymers because of their positive environmental impact, but note that biodegradability is achievable with either fossil based or biobased materials.
Background	Over 99% of all plastics are produced or derived from the major non-renewable energy sources – crude oil, natural gas, naptha and coal – which are used as both an energy for processing and feedstock material to produce large molecular weight polymeric materials for plastics. Agricultural materials can also be used as either an energy source or feedstock substitute or as a filler, composite or copolymer for plastics production. They can be made into either biodegradable or non-degradable plastics. Carbohydrates, proteins, natural polyesters and nucleic acids are the main biopolymers and are distinguished from synthetic polymers by the addition of oxygen and nitrogen in their molecular structures and which enable their natural biodegradability. This report describes the results of research into the potential for the agriculture sector to supply materials for the production of plastics.
Research	World per capita consumption of plastics is projected to increase from the current level of 24.5 kg to 37 kg by 2010 led by the US, Western Europe and Japan, though South-east and East Asia and India are expected to emerge as growth regions to account for 40% of world consumption of plastics by 2010. Bioplastics only represent 1% or less of the total plastics market, but they have a lot to offer in terms of improved energy efficiency, GHG emission reduction and more efficient waste management. World consumption of total plastics is expected to increase from the current 180 million tonnes to 258 million tonnes in 2010. All major plastics resin categories, as well as specialty plastics, are expected to experience significant positive growth as further substitution takes place with traditional materials like steel, wood and glass. But Australian manufacturers are expected to be seriously challenged in meeting the growth opportunities for resins in both domestic and export markets. As a result the Australian trade deficit in plastics is expected to grow significantly to more than $4 billion/year by 2010. The study concludes that Australia is reasonably well placed to start up a bioplastics industry, which would have better prospects for growth than the existing synthetic plastics industry.
Outcomes	· Improved understanding of the size and nature of the emerging market for biopolymers and the implications for Australian agriculture, the manufacturing sector and the economy generally, including the effect on environmental sustainability. The study estimates the possible market share for biopolymers in Australia could range from 10% to 30% of the PE resins used in packaging and agriculture. This would translate to 41,000-123,000 tonnes by 2010. On the world market PE resin consumption is currently about 52 million tonnes and expected to grow to 83 million tonnes by 2010, with about 50% of these sales destined for agriculture and packaging. · Increased knowledge of the economics of biopolymer production and materials for it and key sensitivities in generating viability including economies of scale and biodegradability. If the existing manufacturing facilities that are emerging for biopolymers are a guide to the future then it appears that economies of scale in production of biodegradable polymers are not as strong as they are for synthetics. A new US plant for production of PLA has capacity of 140,000 tonnes/year (50% or less than the efficient size of ethylene plants) and if the plant is fully utilized then unit costs are expected to approach those of competing oil-based resins.  · Identification of areas for further research. The study makes 30 recommendations for development of a bioplastics industry in Australia. These recommendations cover production, through marketing, R&D and institutional development
Implications	A bioplastics industry has potential to have impact at the farm enterprise level by increasing competition for agricultural materials at the farm gate. This could be achieved in one or more ways: ·Increased primary demand for agricultural materials to be used in bioplastics production. [New market effect] · Demand for on-farm waste such as residues from harvested grain crops. [New product & new market] · Reduced food and other industrial crop (e.g. paper pulp) processing costs, arising from more efficient use of food processing waste. [Processing cost reduction effect] · Improved farm productivity from dedicated high performance crop plants grown for plastics production [On-farm cost effect]. · Regional impact from the investment in bioplastic processing facilities in regional areas where costs would be lower.
Publications	Biodegradable Polymer Supply Chains – Implications and Opportunities for Australian Agriculture


Accreditation Systems
 

Project Title:	Environmental partnerships: combining sustainability and commercial advantage in the commercial sector
RIRDC Project No:	ACL-1A
Researcher:	Professor Neil Gunningham
Organisation:	Gunningham and Associates Pty Ltd
Phone:	02 6125 3397
Fax:	02 6125 4899
Email:	neilgunning@yahoo.com
Objectives	To provide a policy strategy which will improve the environmental sustainability of the Australian agricultural sector and its profitability and market share through the development of "environmental partnerships" between producers, retailers, governments, environmental organisations and other interested parties. Key elements will include:  · identifying the circumstances in which such partnerships might be formed and the preconditions for their success; · identifying the opportunities and benefits of such a strategy in terms of commercial advantage, market opportunities and more efficient production; and · communicating and promoting the strategy amongst key agricultural sectors and other stakeholders.
Background	Traditionally, relationships between farmers and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were largely adversarial, and little attention was given to the prospect of constructive engagement between them. More recently, however, there has been the development of more constructive relationships between major stakeholders, and in particular between government, farmers and environmental NGOs. Sometimes these relationships involve agreements between farmers and NGOs, or between governments and farmers, or even between farmers and business along the supply chain. The result is that, in the early years of the 21st century there are many examples of environmental partnership approaches across a wide variety of countries and continents.
Research	This Report explores the use of environmental partnerships as a means of improving environmental and commercial outcomes in the agriculture sector. It examines progress, both within Australia and internationally, of an exciting new policy development that aims to do just that: environmental partnerships. In order to better understand the potential attractions and shortcomings of such an approach, this Report employs a number of agricultural case studies.
Outcomes	The report several factors conducive to the development of successful partnerships: a coincidence between public and private profit; the prospect of mutual gain for both/all partners; a focus on local issues with readily monitored results; exposure to green markets/companies which trade off their public image; disparities in power along the supply chain; the burning deck: getting partnerships off the ground; and leveraging commercial third parties. It also suggests that they must also be structured in ways which maximise their chance of success, including: adequate incentives for participation; clear environmental targets; adequate accountability and transparency; and encouragement of continual improvement, flexibility and innovation.
Implications	The report argues that in some contexts, environmental partnerships can provide equitable and effective solutions to some environmental problems and that they offer an attractive, and as yet under-utilised, policy option. Suitably harnessed and designed, they could make a valuable contribution to resolving the broader environmental challenge facing Australian agriculture.
Publications	Gunningham N and Sinclair D "Environmental Partnerships, EMS and Sustainable Agriculture", Environmental Management Systems in Agriculture: Proceedings of a National Workshop, RIRDC, May, 1999.
Project Title:	Adoption of environmental management systems (EMS) in agriculture - case studies, a compendium of BMPs and an on-going newsletter
RIRDC Project No:	DAN-187A
Researcher:	Ms. Genevieve Carruthers
Organisation:	NSW Department of Agriculture Wollongbar Agricultural Institute Bruxner Highway WOLLONGBAR NSW 2477
Phone:	(02) 6626 1237
Fax:	(02) 6628 3264
Email:	carrutg@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	There are three main outcomes: · Case studies of adoption of systematic environmental management approaches in agriculture · A compendium of agri-industry best management practices, codes of practices, production protocols and similar addressing sustainable management of farm resources  · A quarterly newsletter/web-site that provides information on the use of EMS in Australian and overseas agriculture
Background	RIRDC funded the first Australian workshop to examine the use of EMS in Agriculture (May 1999). During the workshop, delegates clearly identified the need for increased information about the use of EMS in agriculture, including market access advantages, costs and benefits of adoption and general information on EMS approaches. The need for such knowledge was evident across a range of agricultural industries and thus this proposal is relevant to a wide sector of Australia agri-industries. In addition, another area where a lack of knowledge was hampering adoption of improved environmental management methods was awareness of best management practices, environmental codes of practice and similar. Whilst this information is available within some industries, there is no readily accessible source of such information, particularly to those farmers who may not currently be involved in those specific enterprises. Thus, although some growers would like to make changes to their management practices, they are unsure of the options that exist for adoption, and sometimes therefore do not make any changes. This project seeks to address these areas of deficit in knowledge. Currently in Australia, the rate of adoption of EMS and similar approaches is low, compared to many of our trade competitors. Whilst significant gains have been made through programs such as Landcare, significant resource degradation is still evident, and many farmers have yet to undertake proactive farm management programs. To some extent, the lack of adoption of EMS is due to low levels of knowledge in the community of the existence of such management programs and their potential benefits.
Research	40 case studies were conducted, double the contracted number, with participants from a range of industries all over Australia and New Zealand represented. Case study questions were developed in consultation with key stakeholders to ensure relevant information was gathered. Farmer associations and systems advocates were asked to nominate farmers for inclusion in the study, with participants to be achieving a recognised level of environmental performance above that of the general farming population. Farmers were placed either into an Environmental Management Program (EMP) or Environmental Management Systems (EMS) category. After initial discussions using protocol questions, participating farmers were personally interviewed. Responses were collated into both grouped data sets for analysis and developed into case study stories, which were approved by the participants. Case study questions covered motivations for involvement in environmental works, drivers, benefits, costs, methods used to make changes and sources of information for changes. A comprehensive data based of all responses has been compiled, and general trends established for the two groups. The compendium of BMPs was developed through contact with all agricultural R and D corporations, farmer associations, agri-industry bodies, State and Federal regulatory agencies, agricultural departments, conservation and planning agencies and research organisations. Reviews of R and D corporation research reports, ARRIP databases and similar information were also be used to gather information. Use of BMPs was also identified as part of the case study development.
Outcomes	Case studies - Many similarities existed between the two groups in the areas of environmental issues addressed, methods of gaining information and management approach development. Personal desire to change management was the strongest motivation for change, overall. Other drivers were similar and included community, market and efficiency drivers, however, the EMS group rated community pressure, regulatory agencies, and legal requirements more strongly than the EMP group.  There was a marked difference in the numbers of particular environmental management issues addressed by farmers in the two groups, and also in the range of issues covered. Farmers with an EMS addressed on average 33 environmental issues in their routine management, while EMP farmers covered on average 5 issues. The EMS group also included a greater range of ‘management’ issues such as communication and training, and more ‘brown’ environmental issues such as waste and pollution management/control, legal compliance and similar issues. EMS farmers were also more likely to have conducted a risk assessment process to determine which environmental issues to include in their overall management approach.  The EMS group were also more likely to include a range of management approaches (such as QA, OH and S and similar) and to have these systems audited externally. This resulted in the EMS group having a somewhat higher expenditure for external consultants and auditors than the EMP group. A key feature of using a systems approach was the ability to integrate a range of management areas into one overall system. Farmers reported frustration that many of the existing QA approaches did not allow such integrated, nor could audits be integrated. Streamlined auditing and paperwork was a reported advantage of using the ISO processes.  Benefits reported were similar between both groups, with increased confidence in management frequently being reported as a non-measurable benefit. Many of the benefits were yet to be fully seen, as in many cases farmers had less than 12 months experience with the changes they had implemented, and benefits were yet to be assessed completely. Farmers who were using an EMS process also reported frustration at not being able source EMS information easily. Apart from NSW Agriculture, at the time of the study, no other State agricultural agencies provided dedicated EMS support. The availability of such data from an independent provider was seen to be very important by the farmers, preferable through an "EMS one-stop shop."  BMP compendium - The compilation of BMP information showed that in many cases the materials were more closely linked to production than to environmental management per se. Overall, a total of 297 documents that could be used to guide environmental management were identified. However, a number of state agencies provided very little input despite repeated requests for data, and so this number is likely to be an under-estimate of the material that could be available. The study did show how difficult sourcing such material could be, and this is likely to hamper farmer uptake.  The EMS newsletter - finished with the second EMS conference in 2001, ending with a print run of 700 for the 7th and final edition. Approximately 350 people in Australia received copies, around 30 were routinely dispatched to overseas readers and the remainder were made available through agencies and EMS events. Delegates at the 2001 EMS conference agreed that the newsletter was a valuable resource, and should continue. However, an editor was not agreed upon at the time. To some degree the EMS navigator coordinated through AFFA was seen as a replacement for the newsletter.