RIRDC Completed Projects in 2003-2004 & Research in Progress as at June 2004

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To Pasture Seeds Research in Progress
 

3.6 Pasture seeds - Completed Projects
PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION

Improved Production Efficiency

DAV-196A

Effective weed control for the Australian white clover seed industry

Ms. Penny Riffkin

(03) 5573 0900

Department of Primary Industries (Vic)

Support Industry Quality Assurance & Self Regulation

SAR-48A

Confirmation of pest free area status from bacterial wilt of lucerne in export seed production areas

Mr. Rob Rees

(08) 8226 0446

South Australian Research and Development Institute


 
 

3.6 PASTURE seeds Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003
PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION

Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

SAR-25A	Determine international standards for disease testing of lucerne seed	Dr Kathy Ophel-Keller	(08) 8303 9368	SARDI
SAR-10A	Development of a bacterial wilt test to facilitate the export of lucerne seed	Dr Kathy Ophel-Keller	(08) 8303 9368	SARDI
SBS-1A	Seed Production of creeping vigna	Dr Donald S Loch	(07) 32861488	QLD Dept of Primary Industries
DAS-31A	Development of export markets for cold tolerant annual medics	Dr Ian Kaehne	(08) 8266 8333	SARDI
SED-2A	Developing management systems for European varieties of white clover for multiplication in Australia and re-export	Mr Ted Higgs	(08) 8234 9333	Seedco
SED-3A	Development of Four Fodder Legume Seed Species for Export	Dr Ross Downes	(08) 8234 9333	Seedco
SED-8A	Development of varieties of six species of fodder legumes for sowing seed and hay export	Dr Ross Downes	(08) 8234 9333	Seedco
DAW-50A	Development of alternative pasture legumes for use in medium rainfall agricultural regions with untapped subsurface water, and to enhance product range in the seed and rhizobial inoculant export markets	Dr S J Carr	(08) 9368 3870	CLIMA


 
Availability of Technical and Economic Information

DAV-169A	Practical guidelines for sub clover seed production in south eastern Australia	Ms. Angela Avery	(02) 6030 4500	Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)
DAV-106A	A model for expansion of the Australian domestic temperate pasture seed market	Mr Peter Schroder	(03) 5572 3825	Rural Consulting
HAS-5A	A Study of the costs of production of lucerne, medic and clover seeds	Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd	(02) 9241 5655	Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd
KDI-7A	Pasture establishment and management publication	Mark Casey	(08) 9478 3343	Kondinin Group
DAN-75A	Lucerne seed check: a management support system approach to improving lucerne seed profitability	RB Walker	(02) 6391 3174	NSW Agriculture
DAV-57A	Development of rapid biochemical methods for the identification of medic cultivars	M Mebalds & J Woodward	(03) 210 9226	Agriculture Victoria
DAN-76A	Developing an agronomic package to maximise profitability of sub clover seed crops	Jim Virgona	(02) 6938 1999	NSW Agriculture
DAW-60A	On farm evaluation of the adaptation, distribution and potential value of lucerne in WA	Roy Latta	(08) 9821 1755	Agriculture WA
UA-24A	Survey to determine demand factors in pasture legume seed usage in Australia	P G Tow	(08) 8303 7857	University of Adelaide


 
Improved Production Efficiency

US-85A	Development of an integrated control strategy for "lucerne yellows" disease in lucerne	Dr. Geoff Gurr	(02) 6360 5551	The University of Sydney
CSE-86A	Improved pollination of seed lucerne	Dr. Denis Anderson	(02) 6246 4148	CSIRO Entomology
IIPB-1A	Evaluation of lucerne varieties for seed yield and strategies to enhance seed productivity	Dr. Ross Downes	(02) 6255 1461	Innovative Plant Breeders Pty Ltd
DAN-163A	Development of new alternative legumes and appropriate weed control technology	Mr. Graeme Sandral	(02) 6938 1850	NSW Department of Agriculture
DAV-144A	Improved seed production: "Towards 1.5 tonnes"	Ms Angela Avery	(02) 6030 4500	DNRE Victoria
DEB-1A	Evaluating and managing lucerne seed wasp in lucerne seed crops	Mr James De Barro	(08) 8755 3133	De Barro Agricultural Consulting
DAV-94A	Management of phytophthora root rot in subterranean clover for a viable pasture seeds industry	Dr R Aldaoud, W Guppy, Dr S Flett, T Cook	(03) 5833 5222	Agriculture Victoria
US-75A	Occurrence and severity of ‘lucerne yellows disease in lucerne seed crops	Dr Geoff Gurr	(02) 6369 5551	Orange Agricultural College
CMS-1A	Strategies to successfully establish and manage a productive dryland lucerne stand	M Stanley & R Christinat	(08) 8755 1295	Crop Monitoring Services
UA-27A	Herbicide failure and the need for integrated weed management in legume pasture seed crops	Stephen Powles	(08) 8303 7237	University of Adelaide
DAW-36A	Developing effective rhizobial inoculants for lucerne in WA	Pedro Evans	(08) 9821 3343	Agriculture WA
DAS-33A	Control of Rhizoctonia Burr Rot of subterranean clover	Alan Dube	08) 8226 1877	SARDI
ARM-1A	Review of weed control in lucerne, medic and sub clover seed crops	Charles Kidd	(08) 8842 3591	Australian Rural Management Services Pty Ltd
DAS-32A	Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV) survey in Lucerne and Medic Seed and development rapid tests	Evita Alberts	(08) 8372 2349	PIRSA

Environmental Issues for Industry

DEB-3A	A water balance study for lucerne seed production resourced by an underground aquifier	Mr. James de Barro	(08) 8756 2777	De Barro Agricultural Consulting
HS-1A	The development of a more effective harvesting method for shaw creeping Vigna (Vigna parkeri)	Mr Bob Campbell	(07) 5523 4543	Heritage Seeds Pty Ltd
DAQ-148A	Improved handling of chaffy grass seeds	Dr Donald S Loch	(07) 3286 1488	QLD Dept of Primary Industries

Support Industry Quality Assurance and Self Regulation

SED-6A

Alternative seed certification schemes in Europe and USA for adoption in Australia

Max Jongebloed

(08) 8231 6675

Seedco

Completed Projects - Improved Production Efficiency
 

Project Title:	Effective weed control for the Australian white clover seed industry
RIRDC Project No.:	DAV-196A
Researcher:	Penny Riffkin and Michael Moerkerk DPI (Hamilton & Horsham)
Organisation:	Department of Primary Industries (Vic)
Phone:	(03) 55730900 or (03) 53622111
Fax:	(03) 55711523 or (03) 53622187
Email:	Penny.riffkin@dpi.vic.gov au, michael.moerkerk@dpi.vic.gov.au
Objectives	To develop effective weed control strategies for white clover seed production in Australia. Identification of suitable herbicides, optimum rates and times of application for effective weed control is expected to increase seed yield by over 40% and reduce seed production costs (over $2 million per annum) and development of herbicide resistance.
Background	Poor weed control in white clover seed crops was identified by growers as a major threat to the White Clover Seed Industry. Although a number of herbicide effectiveness studies have been reported, generally herbicide impacts have only been assessed on white clover biomass or conducted overseas where results are not reliably transferable. This project examined the effectiveness of herbicides on weed species, the tolerance of white clover to different herbicides and the herbicide tolerance and yield potential of new white clover cultivars.
Research	Fifteen herbicides were applied either alone or as a mix at different rates and timing to 11 white clover stands between 2001 and 2003. For herbicide efficacy experiments, chemicals were applied where there were high infestations of one of 4 problem weed species, Annual Ryegrass, Maltese Cockspur, Jersey Cudweed or Sowthistle. Herbicide tolerance experiments were conducted at weed free sites. The potential of 6 alternative cultivars to Haifa for seed production in the region (NuSiral, Mink, Jura, Barblanca, Demand and Huia) were also assessed.
Outcomes	With a few exceptions (glufosinate), white clover seed yields were largely unaffected by the herbicides used in these experiments. On occasion white clover seed or biomass yields suffered minor reductions but results were inconsistent. Herbicides applied often had little or no significant effect on weeds compared to the unsprayed control. Some individual treatment provided varying levels of control but results were inconsistent across sites and years. There was some indication that propyzamide may offer some control but this chemical is not registered for use in white clover.
Implications	Growers are spending 25% of variable costs on herbicides that are having little or no effect on weed control. Long-term use of chemicals under increasing weed burdens will threaten the sustainability of the industry through weed resistance and a lack of weed control options. Growers need to investigate and adopt alternative strategies to herbicide use for the control of weeds in white clover seed crops.
Publications	RIRDC publication to be advised.

Completed Projects - Support Industry Quality Assurance & Self Regulation

Project Title:	Confirmation of pest free area status from bacterial wilt of lucerne in export seed production areas
RIRDC Project No.:	SAR-48A
Researcher:	Dr Kathy Ophel Keller
Organisation:	South Australian Research and Development Institute
Phone:	(08) 8303 9368
Fax:	(08) 8303 9375
Email:	ophelkeller.kathy@saugov.sa.gov.au
Objectives	·1 Confirm Pest Free Area status from bacterial wilt of lucerne in export seed production areas of Australia to facilitate export seed trade.
Background	The Australian export trade in lucerne seed is worth $12.7 million pa nationally in 2001-02 with 90% of certified lucerne seed exported from SA (5000 tonnes pa). The major export markets for lucerne are Argentina, Saudi Arabia, North Africa and Europe.  Overseas markets requiring phytosanitary declarations for bacterial wilt in lucerne are the European Union, Tunisia, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay. Argentina and Chile will accept a phytosanitary declaration based on a seed pathology test while the European Union, Tunisia and Uruguay will only accept phytosanitary declarations based on field inspections. In addition Western Australia has a legislative requirement for freedom from bacterial wilt of lucerne seed. In 2002 a field disease survey of lucerne stands initiated a survey of lucerne to establish area freedom from bacterial wilt of lucerne in seed production areas.  At the same time, international acceptance of a seed test developed in a previous RIRDC project (SAR 15-A) is being pursued via the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) process. Efforts to find naturally infected seed have not been successful, even when infected lucerne plants were grown in the glasshouse
Research	In October-December 2002, a survey was undertaken by SARDI Field Crops Pathology Unit to update the area freedom status of lucerne seed producing areas in SA. The survey was based primarily on testing of seed lots (120) as well as a limited number of paddock inspections (25). In 2002, bacterial wilt was detected by field inspection in one seed crop paddock in the SA SouthEast.  An industry workshop agreed that provision of area freedom phytosanitary declarations for bacterial wilt of lucerne would need to be replaced by declarations that establish Pest Free Place of Production status based on the disease status of individual paddocks. These requirements meet International Plant Protection Convention and AQIS requirements. A field inspection and sample testing protocol was developed, which has been adopted in SA and Victoria. This was done for the first time in spring 2003 and the phytosanitary service incorporated inspection and testing for bacterial wilt, stem nematode, Orobanche spp. (branched broomrape) and Cirsium arvense (perennial thistle) Ultimately, an internationally accepted seed test will provide lucerne seed growers with less restricted export options now bacterial wilt is known to be present in the area. One of the aims of this research was to harvest seed from infected paddocks to use in an international ring test to standardise a seed test for bacterial wilt of lucerne. This would complete the test standardisation process started in RIRDC project SAR-25-A.
Outcomes	An industry-government-AQIS meeting adopted the recommendation that export declarations now be based on a spring phytosanitary inspection to issue ‘place of production’ freedom from bacterial wilt. Standardised protocols have been developed for field inspection, sampling and laboratory detection of bacterial wilt. Phytosanitary inspections will be voluntary but they will be essential for those intending to export seed to Europe and Tunisia and Uruguay. At the same time, international acceptance of a seed test developed in a previous RIRDC project (SAR 15-A) is being pursued via the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) process. Ideally, seed test standardisation should be based on inter-laboratory comparisons on naturally infected seed. Efforts to find naturally infected seed have not been successful, even when infected lucerne plants were grown in the glasshouse. Infected plants from paddocks where bacterial wilt was detected produce infected tillers but have not produced infected seed, indicating that transmission to seed is extremely low. This may be influenced by environmental conditions. As a result, international seed test standardisation is proceeding with artificially infected seed. Phytosanitary inspections for bacterial wilt occurred in spring 2003 in lucerne seed production areas in SA and western Victoria. Plant samples were provided by accredited inspectors as part of the phytosanitary paddock inspection in October/November.  A further 9 infected paddocks and 15 unconfirmed infected paddocks were found in SA. The infected paddocks were growing the lucerne cultivars Hunter River, Hunterfield and Sirosal. Stand life of infected paddocks was greater than 4 years old with the majority being greater than 15 years old.
Implications	The Lucerne seed industry recognised the need for phytosanitary inspections to maintain market access via area freedom on a place of production basis.  The methodology for field inspection and sample collection has been developed, agreed by industry and was implemented in spring 2003. The methodology and costing will be reviewed annually with industry. An internationally accepted seed test is still a desirable aim but work is progressing slowly. As well as technical difficulties, the test must be accepted by EU authorities. The measures to maintain export market access have been communicated directly to lucerne seed exporters with SIAA taking a lead role. The approach being taken satisfies International Plant Protection Convention and AQIS requirements.
Publications	Fact sheet. Bacterial Wilt of Lucerne: Information for seed growers. Kathy Ophel Keller, SARDI, 2003. Distributed to all lucerne seed growers in SA and Victoria via seed inspection services. RIRDC publication to be advised.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 – Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

Project Title:	Determine international standards for disease testing of lucerne seed
RIRDC Project No:	SAR-25A
Researcher:	Dr. Kathy Ophel Keller
Organisation:	South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) Field Crops Pathology Unit, Waite Campus GPO Box 397 URRBRAE SA 5001
Phone:	(08) 8303 9368
Fax:	(08) 8303 9393
Objectives	· Development of accredited protocols for bacterial wilt pathogen of lucerne seed.
Background	The export trade in lucerne seed is worth $12 million pa in Australia. All importing countries require declarations of freedom from bacterial wilt. All importing countries use tests of varying standards to accept or reject shipments. The lack of international standards for bacterial wilt (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus) or Verticillium wilt of lucerne exposes seed companies to potentially large losses if a shipment is rejected.  The International Seed Health Initiative (ISHI) was formed by the Seed Trade Federation (FIS) to standardise disease testing and remove restrictions based on non-acceptance of disease test standards between countries. An ISHI Technical Committee was formed in 1998 to standardise testing for herbage and grass seeds. Lucerne is the first seed crop to be evaluated. There are two objectives for lucerne: To establish standards for Bacterial Wilt and Verticillium Wilt, and to select the test most suitable for routine use by testing laboratories.
Research	In 1999/2000 the Technical Committee evaluated three selective media for bacterial wilt and the ELISA test developed by SARDI (SAR10A). The group also examined variation between Cmi strains internationally and commenced a comparison of methods for Verticillium wilt testing. SARDI participated in evaluation of all protocols and coordinated the evaluation of the ELISA test.
Outcomes	The SARDI ELISA test worked well in 3 out of 5 laboratories. It was evident from the ELISA and media kit ring testing that stability of reagents and cultures shipped overseas is an issue. There will be continuing work to stabilise reagents to finalise adoption of the ELISA test for bacterial wilt.
Implications	Acceptance of the test by the International Seed Testing Association will facilitate lucerne seed export.
Publications	Method validation by ringtesting to establish international standards for seed testing: a case study. J Gooden, DA Samac, D Caffier, K Ophel Keller and J. Sheppard. Poster presentation. International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (PPB2000).

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 – Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

Project Title	Development of a bacterial wilt test to facilitate the export of lucerne seed
RIRDC Project No:	SAR-10A
Researcher:	Dr. Kathy Ophel Keller
Organisation:	Field Crops Pathology Unit, South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)
Phone:	(08) 8303 9368
Fax:	(08) 8303 9393
Objectives	· A specific and rapid detection assay for bacterial wilt of lucerne will be developed.
Background	The lucerne seed industry has a total value of $8 to $10 million pa. All countries importing lucerne seed require declarations of freedom from bacterial wilt. Bacterial wilt of lucerne is caused by Clavibacter michiganense subsp. insidiosus (Cmi). Existing methods of detecting the pathogen are unreliable because they are based on plating of bacteria and subsequent visual examination of bacterial colonies. The bacterium is very difficult to isolate on growth media. A test was required which would be more sensitive and reliable and did not require plating.
Research	The research project has developed an ELISA-based detection for Clavibacter michiganense subsp. insidiosus, (Cmi), the causal agent of Bacterial Wilt in lucerne, in seed.
Outcomes	The availability of a test for bacterial wilt will facilitate export of lucerne seed. The test developed in this project will be tested against other methods of bacterial wilt detection as part of an International Seed Health Initiative aimed at standardisation of seed testing internationally.
Implications	Availability of the test and acceptance of the test by the International Seed Testing Association will facilitate lucerne seed export.
Publications	International Seed Testing Association/ International Seed Health Initiative Comparative Test Plan: Bacterial Wilt of Lucerne. Published on ISTA Web Site.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 – Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

Project Title	Seed production of creeping vigna
RIRDC Project No:	SBS-1A
Researcher:	Dr Donald S. Loch
Organisation:	Queensland Department of Primary Industries Redlands Research Station PO Box 327 CLEVELAND Q 4163
Phone:	(07) 3286 1488
Fax:	(07) 3286 3094
Email	lochd@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	In relation to Vigna parkeri, · to document development and seed production of seed crops; · to determine environmental factors controlling flowering, and to explore possible manipulation of flowering in seed crops; · to develop appropriate commercial seed production strategies and methods, including defoliation and irrigation practices and herbicide use; · to enhance field establishment by developing effective methods for reducing hardseededness; and · to evaluate seed production characteristics of Vigna germplasm approaching release.
Background	Vigna parkeri (creeping vigna), a cool-growing highland tropical legume from East Africa, is well adapted to the humid Australian subtropics (>1100 mm rainfall annually). Its growth habit - combining a stoloniferous mat with twining lateral ‘vines’ - ensures that it is very persistent under heavy grazing, and allows it to form stable and productive mixed pastures with a range of grasses including strongly competitive species such as kikuyu, setaria and signal grass. The cv. Shaw (released in 1984) is recognised as the premier summer legume for dairy pastures in coastal southern Queensland and northern NSW, but its widespread commercial use is constrained by seed availability.
Research	The pattern of vegetative and reproductive development, and the progressive production and loss of seed in a commercial crop of cv. Shaw were recorded. The effects of day-length and moisture stress on flowering were investigated in controlled environment experiments. Pre- and post-emergence herbicides (for selective control of broadleaf and grass weeds) were screened in glasshouse and field experiments. The effectiveness and reliability of different methods of reducing hard seed levels were assessed. Seed production characteristics of promising new Vigna accessions were assessed under nursery conditions
Outcomes	‘Shaw’ did not respond to short-day conditions under controlled environment conditions, and both high temperatures and moisture stress were detrimental to plant growth. The safest herbicides for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds are the imidizolinones (imazethapyr, imazaquin), bentazone, acifluorfen and flumetsulam, but there is the risk of some stunting of V. parkeri seedlings. The strategic use of selective grass herbicides at sub-lethal rates in late summer/early autumn was investigated to manipulate the level of the grass component in mixed swards for maximum seed production potential. In wet years, Colletotrichum and Rhizoctonia spp. can devastate maturing seed crops. Hot water treatment (20 minutes at 70°C) was the most effective means of reducing hard seed levels.
Implications	V. parkeri is best grown for seed mixed with a grass (eg. Pennisetum clandestinum), which can be slowed down by a sub-lethal dose of herbicide (haloxyfop, sethoxydim, etc) in January to provide a strong leafy canopy for flowering. It should not be cut back during the heat of summer, and requires good soil moisture throughout the growing season to develop a strong vegetative framework prior to flowering in February-March. Flowering in cv. Shaw appears to be triggered by a significant rainfall event once the temperature falls consistently below a temperature threshold, though the field behaviour of a second blue-flowered line (CPI 100846) is suggestive of a short-day response.
Publications	Wade, J. (1999) Optimising the conditions for growth and reproductive development of Vigna parkeri, a sub-tropical legume. B.Sc. Honours Thesis, Department of Botany, University of Queensland. 30 pp.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 – Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

Project Title	Development of export markets for cold-tolerant annual medics
RIRDC Project No:	DAS-31A
Researcher:	Dr Ian Kaehne
Organisation:	Northfield Research Laboratories GPO Box 1671 ADELAIDE SA 5001
Phone:	(08) 8266 8333
Fax:	(08) 8261 4688
Objectives	To develop export markets for cold-tolerant annual medics by: · further demonstrating that cold-tolerant cultivars with export potential can be economically grown in Australia · consolidating and servicing an established overseas network of collaborators who are testing the adaptation of cold-tolerant medics in target countries · supporting product development and encouraging evaluation of farming systems for using medics in target countries · developing those procedures which will achieve further product improvement.
Background	Annual medics were developed in southern Australia for use in pastures and in ley farming systems in conjunction with cereal crops. Since the 1970s, this practice has also been advocated in the Mediterranean and Western Asian regions of the Old World and, as a result, significant quantities of Australian medic seed has been exported to these regions. Most Australian medic cultivars have been developed from naturalised introductions or by screening accessions from overseas, and all have been developed in the Mediterranean type environment of southern Australia. In export destinations, except for certain areas, the lowest extremes of winter temperatures are generally lower than in southern Australia. In these areas having colder winters Australian cultivars often failed because they were killed or severely damaged by frost. Consequently, in the early 1980s the export of Australia cultivators contracted as customers found that they were poorly adapted to frost-prone areas. The redevelopment of the export industry therefore required the identification of genotypes of annual medics which were adapted to the frost regimes which would be expected in target areas, and which also would have seed yielding capability so that they could be produced economically for export.
Research	In Australia sites were established at Mallala and Yongala in SA, to determine levels of seed production and the grazing tolerance of the various cultivators and lines selected for evaluation. Mallala is a centre for medic seed production, and Yongala is a potential centre but is sometimes subject to severe frosts. From 1991 to 1993 various lines and check cultivators were also evaluated at La Fage in southern France, and at Tulake in northern California, USA. Attempts to evaluate material in north Africa were frustrated by drought (morocco), and civil unrest (muslim fundamentalism in Algeria).
Outcomes	As a result of testing both in Australia and overseas, a short list of thirteen genotypes from five species of Medicago have been chosen for further commercial assessment by the commercial partner, Seedco. Three of the species have not previously been advanced for commercial consideration in Australia.
Implications	There is strong commercial interest in this project from around the world. It is difficult to predict what the demand for seed will be, but a realistic estimate is 1000 tonnes per annum for markets not currently supplied with Australian cultivators. One of the strong features of this project has been the close involvement of the commercial partner, Seedco who bring considerable experience in developing export markets.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 – Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

Project Title	Developing management systems for European varieties of white clover for multiplication in Australia and re-export
RIRDC Project No:	SED-2A
Researcher:	Mr Ted Higgs
Organisation:	SEEDCO 78 Burbridge Road HILTON, SA 5033
Phone:	(08) 8234 9333
Fax:	(08) 8234 6133
Objectives	Multiply European vanities of white clover for export by: · identifying the optimum varieties suitable for multiplication in Australia · developing optimal management systems for these species.
Background	White clover seed production in Australia increased following the registration of the cultivar Haifa in March 1971, and has been concentrated in the south east district of South Australia and adjacent Western Victoria. Haifa has been the dominant cultivar grown for seed. Attempts to cultivate other species have not been very successful.
Research	An overview of the industry was prepared and three experiments were conducted. Experiment one compared Haifa and Huia species, also Aran, Karina, Zaoican and Grasslands Kopu were considered. Experiment two considered the species Tamar, Lune de Mai, and Crau. Experiment three gave specific regard to vernalisation and its impact on inflorescences.
Outcomes	Haifa outperformed all other species. The lower success rate of these other species is proportional to the degree that the species vary from Haifa particularly in their adaptation to high latitudes and low winter temperatures.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 – Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

Project Title	Development of Four Fodder Legume Seed Species for Export
RIRDC Project No:	SED-3A
Researcher:	Dr Ross W Downes
Organisation:	SEEDCO 78 Burbridge Rd HILTON SA 5033
Phone:	(08) 8234 9333
Fax:	(08) 8234 6133
Objectives	· To develop suitable varieties of fodder legumes so that seed can be produced in Australia for export as sowing-seed.
Background	In this program, varieties of species important in Europe have been modified so that high yields of quality seed can be produced by Australian seed-growers with minimal use of chemical sprays. The disease-resistant varieties that have been developed can also be used by Australian farmers interested in exporting quality hay to Asian markets.
Research	The four species of fodder crops are: Trifolium alexandrinum (berseem clover), T. resupinatum (Persian clover), Vicia villosa (woolly-pod vetch) and V .sativa (common vetch). The research approach varied with species, but involved hybridisation, various forms of selection and progeny testing, and evaluation. Much of the research was conducted on commercial seed farms to ensure that the varieties produced are well adapted to the seed-growing environment.
Outcomes	For Persian clover, two varieties, ‘Laser’ and ‘Leeton’, from this program are in commercial production. They have high yields of seed and are rust-resistant so that fungicides are not required. For the other three species, seeds have been sown for increase so that varieties will be released for commercial use in 1995 and 1996.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 – Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

Project Title	Development of varieties of six species of fodder legumes for sowing-seed and hay export
RIRDC Project No:	SED-8A
Researcher:	Dr Ross W Downes
Organisation:	Seedco 78 Burbridge Rd HILTON SA 5033
Phone:	(08) 82349333
Fax:	(08) 82346133
Objectives	· To modify selected fodder species in order to enhance seed yield and forage production for improved export potential.
Background	Tall-growing annual fodder legumes have a long history of use in Europe for green manure, silage and hay. In Australia they have found little acceptance in contrast to the prostrate annual legumes such as sub clover and medics used for grazing. When opportunities to export quality sowing-seed to the EU arose, Australia could provide quality through seed certification schemes but not the high seed yielding varieties of fodder legumes. This program was designed to produce the required varieties for seed export with emphasis on seed yield and disease resistance under Australian farm conditions to make the varieties competitive and requiring minimal chemical inputs to seed production. At the same time, changes in the prosperity of Australian farming systems have suggested a place for fodder legumes for hay production and in crop rotations on Australian farms.
Research	Following market research, six species were selected for modification. The aim was to increase their seed production in the southern Australian winter rainfall environment by adapting the crops’ growth patterns to seasonal rain expectation and to increase disease resistance under these conditions. Accessions were accumulated from various sources, direct selections were made in the field, and the most appropriate stocks were identified. Recombination was achieved by manually crossing plants to produce hybrids, or by allowing recombination to be achieved by cross-pollination by bees. Plants were selected in various locations and potential varieties were compared in plots. Plants were checked for disease resistance in the field or with artificial inoculation in glasshouses. Varieties commercialised were sown in nurseries for description and inspection in order to obtain Plant Breeders Rights.
Outcomes	The following outcomes were achieved: · In common vetch (Vicia sativa) the varieties Vedura, Velero and  Vestar were released and requirements for Plant Breeders Rights have been completed. These varieties have high seed yield potential and differ in maturity, providing the opportunity for vetch to be grown in different rainfall zones. Two other selections, one early and one late flowering are also available for commercialisation · Two varieties of woolly-pod vetch (Vicia villosa) have also been produced. One is Capello with soft seed, while Haymaker Plus has uniform flowering and high seed yield. Both have been described for Plant Breeders Rights protection · Elite II, a variety of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) selected for high seed yield and tolerance to Kabatiella attack has been released and PBR applied for · In persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum var majus) the varieties Laser and Leeton were selected for rust resistance and high seed yield have been described for PBR and are available commercially · A selection of arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) is performing very well in both fodder and seed production in trials and is being considered for commercialisation.  · Despite intensive efforts to locate suitable types of red clover (Trifolium pratense) for seed production in a winter rainfall environment, all accessions evaluated flowered over an extended period and well into the summer. It appears that this crop not is suited for seed production in regions with winter rainfall.
Implications	The eight varieties developed, and three potential varieties of fodder legumes emerging from this program have significant potential for sowing-seed export. In addition, many of the varieties have considerable possibilities in Australia. They are being evaluated for weed control, for hay and silage production, as green manure crops in the cotton and rice industries, as cover crops for lucerne and as alternatives to grain legumes. They can increase the flexibility of farming rotations, fixing nitrogen and breaking disease cycles.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 – Export and Import Replacement Opportunities

Project Title	Development of alternative pasture legumes for use in medium rainfall agricultural regions with untapped subsurface water, and to enhance product range in the seed and rhizobial inoculant export markets
RIRDC Project No:	DAW-50A
Researcher:	Dr. S.J. Carr
Organisation:	Agriculture WA/CLIMA, Locked Bag No. 4, BENTLEY DELIVERY CENTRE WA 6983
Phone:	(08) 9368 3870
Fax:	(08) 9367 2625
Objectives	· To develop new deep-rooted herbaceous legume species and their root nodule bacteria adapted to the sandy and duplex soils common in medium rainfall regions of southern Australia. These species will exploit excess subsurface moisture and thereby reduce waterlogging and secondary salinity. They will increase on-farm productivity by extending the effective growing season, and their development will be exploited by the seed and inoculant export industries to expand product range in Europe and North Africa.
Background	The underlying concept was to identify species able to remain green for extended periods during late spring/early summer when rainfall in Mediterranean climates declines. Our assumption is that such pasture plants are able to use a higher proportion of the incident rainfall, an important consideration in decreasing the rate of secondary salinisation. Another selection criteria pertained to seed production. Historically pasture species such as sub-clover have been suction harvested in a slow, environmentally damaging and certainly non-sustainable process. We aimed to select species with high seed yielding capacity and that does not require suction harvesting.
Research	The research conducted was split between standard field evaluation of known pasture plants (eg. crimson clover) used in Mediterranean regions, and more basic research to identify new species with the attributes we considered desirable (eg. Biserrula pelecinus). In meeting the selection criteria we had set, we concluded the plant ideotypes we were targeting were generally more suited to ‘cut and carry’ types rather than regenerating farming rotational pasture species. Hence, we were not constrained by attempting to fit in with parameters such as conventional hard seed levels.
Outcomes	Three new pasture legumes (Trifolium vesiculosum cv Cefalu; Trifolium incarnatum cv Caprera and Biserrula pelecinus cv Casbah) and a specific rhizobial inoculant for each cultivar were commercialised during the final stages of this research program, and the commencement of a related fodder project (UWA-30). Several other species with commercial prospects were also identified, and are subject to further evaluation.
Implications	The transition of these three new pasture legumes into commerce has recently commenced. Unlike new varieties of standard pasture species like subterranean clover which blend immediately into current management systems, these new products require additional support. The ultimate success in increasing the profitability and sustainability of agriculture in Mediterranean regions will rely heavily on appropriate developmental support from government, seed industry representatives and private agronomists.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 - Availability of Technical and Economic Information

Project Title:	Practical guidelines for sub clover seed production in south eastern Australia
RIRDC Project No:	DAV-169A
Researcher:	Angela Avery
Organisation:	Agriculture Victoria Rutherglen RMB 1145 Chiltern Valley Road Rutherglen 3685
Phone:	02 60 304 500
Fax:	02 60 304 600
Email:	angela.avery@nre.vic.gov.au
Objectives	·1 To increase the profitability, sustainability and the market profile of the subclover seed production industry (including the RIRDC Pasture Seed Program) through the development and publication of production based guidelines.
Background	Trifolium subterraneum (subclover) is an important legume for farming systems in South Eastern Australia. The subclover seed industry is small when compared to other agricultural industries but is of great importance to Australian agriculture as it supplies affordable, high quality legume seed to many grazing and cropping enterprises. Economic viability and long-term sustainability are major challenges for this industry, with industry analysis revealing increased production costs, declining seed yield and a fall in the number of growers. The continued ability of Australia to produce quality seed at an acceptable price for both the domestic and export markets is critical. Guidelines and benchmarks to support decisions relating to subclover seed production will increase the competitiveness and economic and environmental sustainability of the industry. Before this project there were no guidelines available for the production of subclover for seed production.
Research	Guidelines based upon information from past and current research, seed certification officers and case studies of leading farmers/enterprises have been developed. Scientists, farmers and industry for accuracy, relevance and practicality reviewed these guidelines before being published. The guidelines detail critical areas for the production of quality seed, for example soil phosphorus levels, weed densities and disease and grazing sequences to optimise seed production.
Outcomes/ Implications	The guidelines provide useful information, however in some areas available data and knowledge restricted the detail and further refinement of guidelines. Clearly continued research and development is required to continue to improve efficiency and sustainability of subclover seed production. There is a need to work with subclover seed grower groups on-farm and in-crop to establish benchmarks and useful monitoring programs. While the publication is targeted to subclover growers much of the information will be relevant to all growers of subclover pastures. Improved contribution of subclover to the grazing and cropping industry is likely to build further confidence in this species.
Publications	The final product of this project was the publication "Practical guidelines for subclover seed production in south-eastern Australia", RIRDC publication No R01/159

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 - Availability of Technical and Economic Information

Project Title:	A model for expansion of the Australian domestic temperate pasture seed market
RIRDC Project No:	DAV-106A
Researcher:	Mr Peter Schroder
Organisation:	Rural Consulting 2 Rippon Road HAMILTON VIC 3300
Phone:	(03) 5572 3825
Fax:	(03) 5572 3828
Email:	pandjschroder@bigpond.com
Objectives	To develop a promotional model that will double the demand for pasture seed in temperature Australia where grazing is the main enterprise.
Background	Australia produces about 28,000 tonnes of pasture seed annually with an estimated value of $67 million. Certified temperate pasture seed production statistics from 1980 – 81 to 1992 – 93 show a stagnant market situation. A National Seed Industry Workshop held in Canberra in 1990, which was funded by RIRDC, identified improving market penetration as one of six priority areas. The future viability of the pasture seed industry depends on action being taken on this. ‘Growing’ the domestic pasture seed market is particularly attractive as the infrastructure is already in place. This means expansion can be achieved quickly, at a relatively low cost and with minimal risk. The goal will not be achieved by tinkering around with product, price, promotion and place.
Research	The project involved five integrated steps: 1. Qualitative market research, from which flowed a model. 2. Implementation of the model over 2 years. 3. Evaluation of the impact of the implementation. 4. Quantify the size and attitudinal profile of the different market segments identified. 5. Testing, in other regions, to verify the validity of the model. The first 4 steps were done in one district in south west Victoria. The fifth step involved work in several other ares in Victoria and with one rural merchandise group.
Outcomes	The strongest impression gained from the qualitative research was graziers lacked a detailed understanding of the system they managed and the key drivers of its profitability. Two main groups were identified – intensive and extensive graziers. The intensive group had a productivity orientation, aimed to run their enterprise as a business and were comfortable working with anyone who may be able to help them. The extensive group focussed on reducing costs, over coming problems and relied heavily on rural merchandisers for information. Peers influenced decisions in both groups but this was particularly strong in the extensive group. Over 2 years 5 groups of intensive graziers were taken through a program by the author that challenged them to take a managing directors view of their business and to identify it’s key profit drivers. In this time 3 groups of intensive graziers were taken through a program, in their paddocks, by a rural merchandiser, to solve a problem which was of concern to them. Evaluation of the program found there had been a significant change in the way pastures were considered by both groups. These changes flowed through into increased sales of pasture related inputs. Testing parts of the model in other areas indicated it could be applied successfully with very little modification. Discussions with rural merchandisers added further to this belief. The quantitative research in the main study are found 35% of graziers fitted into the intensive group, 21% into the extensive group and would be receptive to the program and 46% were unlikely to ever become more interested in pastures no matter what approach was taken.
Implications	Change to the consumption of pasture seed will be largely determined by the actions taken by local service providers to the grazing industry. It is recommended that an extension program be put in place to sell the vision flowing from this project to these providers and ensure they have the knowledge, skills and follow up support required to get local programs well established. The follow up support is crucial because of the sharp change in mind set required by all these providers.
Publications	Schroder, P M, (2001). A model for expansion of the Australian domestic temperate pasture seed market. RIRDC Publication No: R01/132. Schroder, P M, O’Keeffe, M J and Marks, N L (1997). A model to double the demand for temperate pasture seed in Australia. Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding, 45 (1) pp 81–87. Schroder, P M and O’Keeffe, M J. (1997). Getting more people to sow more pasture more often. 2nd Australasia and Pacific Extension Conference, Albury November 1997. Pp 541-546.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 - Availability of Technical and Economic Information

Project Title		A study of the costs of production of lucerne, medic and clover seeds
RIRDC Project No:	HAS-5A
Researcher:	Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd
Organisation:	Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd GPO Box 4625, Sydney, NSW, 1044
Phone:	(02) 9241 5655
Fax:	(02) 9241 5684
Objectives	· To provide an overview of the industry, analyse the costs of production, identify the role of environmental regulation and identify future research priorities for the industry.
Background	The production of temperate pasture seeds in Australia is diverse. In addition, the pasture seed industry within Australia has also been subject to significant changes in recent years. Detailed information is not available on the costs of production, assembly and distribution. This information is essential for providing some benchmarks to allow individual growers to gauge their performance and also to guide future directions for research and development (R&D).
Research	This report was developed from available literature, the views of industry representatives and the results of a survey of forty pasture seed producers across Australia. Costs of production were analysed by species, State and by production method (irrigation vs dryland).
Outcomes	a) Profile: The annual value of production for temperate legume pasture seeds in 1999 was estimated to be $28 million. Production is highest in SA, then Victoria, NSW and WA. There are about 640 certified producers in these four States. b) Annual costs of production: ranged from $386/ha (medics) to $661/ha (lucerne). Costs were lowest in WA. Key cost components were irrigation (where relevant), growing and harvesting costs.  c) Environmental Regulation: none specific to pasture seed producers. Priority environmental issues included: minimising soil damage from harvesting, developing integrated management models, minimising inputs of pesticides and improving water use efficiencies.  d) Priorities for future research: improving efficiency and effectiveness of chemicals, improving harvest technology, decreasing seed testing and certification costs, and researching new marketing opportunities for products.
Implications	This project provides a basis for future R&D as well as providing data that can be used by producers in benchmarking their costs of production.
Publications	Hassall & Associates (1999) A study of the costs of production of lucerne, medic and clover seed in Australia, RIRDC publication No R01/022.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 - Availability of Technical and Economic Information

Project Title	Pasture establishment and management publication
RIRDC Project No:	KDI-7A
Researcher:	Mark Casey
Organisation:	Kondinin Group 177 Great Eastern Highway BELMONT WA 6104
Phone:	(08) 9478 3343
Fax:	(08) 9478 3353
Objectives	To survey farmers on their current pasture practises · To collate information on innovative methods of pasture establishment, renovation and management · To publish a 300-400 page manual on the topic
Background	Pastures are an integral part of Australian farming, and considerable research in directed at solving various pasture problems. New establishment and management strategies are being adopted by farmers, but much of the information resulting from pasture research does not effectively reach the farmer. Surveys have shown that younger farmers particularly, do not have the knowledge on pasture issues that their fathers had. This has lead to a general failure to maintain soil fertility levels under pastures, and to inadequate control of pests and diseases; a failure to replace pastures which have degenerated; and, a failure to adopt sustainable grazing practices. The publication resulting material (case studies on successful practices etc) was produced as a pasture manual.
Research	Following surveys of farmer practices in relation to pasture establishment and management, topics were identified on which contributions could be made by pasture experts in the various fields being considered. The resulting material, (case studies on successful practices etc) was produced as a pasture manual.
Outcomes	This project has resulted in a high quality book of some 435 pages, which has been well accepted by the farming community.
Implications	This book provides, in easily accessible format, all the information which is needed for farmers to establish and maintain pastures in all the temperate regions of Australia. Its use should result in more profitable animal production, and the improvement of crop yields (particularly of grain crops). The information provided should allow the better establishment and management of a wide range of pasture types, and should arrest the decline in general knowledge of pastures which is currently so clearly lacking in younger farmers.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 - Availability of Technical and Economic Information

Project Title	Lucerne seed check: a management support system approach to improving lucerne seed profitability
RIRDC Project No:	DAN-75A
Researcher:	R B Walker
Organisation:	NSW Agriculture 161 Kite Street ORANGE NSW 2800
Phone:	063 913 174
Fax:	063 913 605
Objectives	· To increase the rolling average of lucerne seed yield in the Lachlan Valley.
Background	A potential existed to expand existing markets for lucerne seed at a state, national and international level. By accelerating the adoption of seed production technology, growers would be able to increase seed yields through the efficient use of inputs, improving the long term prospects of the industry in the Lachlan Valley and making a valuable contribution to the New South Wales economy.
Research	Through consultation with seed growers a management support system was developed encompassing current technology providing management targets to achieving maximum economic seed yields. A paddock recording diary of key checkpoints was also developed. During the term of the project growers were expected to utilise the accompanying resource information compiled as an aid in making their management decisions. They were also encouraged to monitor their crops regularly, recording details of field observations, inputs and outputs in the recording diary. At key checkpoints, growers were expected to participate in group field inspections and workshops. With the aid of visiting specialists and members of the team, growers were assisted in meeting crop management targets in line with the established checkpoint approach. Seed growers were also encouraged to have an input into the progress of the project. Participating growers were assembled at the end of each season to discuss the results and reasons for varying seed yield and crop profitability. Opinions would also be sought on the format of paddock recording diaries. When undertaking scheduled field observations seed growers were asked to record data and management strategies for analysis at the end of each year.
Implications	The project has resulted in better insect management by growers. A change in the insecticides used and their pattern of use has led to savings to growers whilst reducing the impact on beneficial insects and pollinating honey bees. Tentative economic thresholds and a method of monitoring seed crops has been established. An outcome of the project is the acknowledgment by growers that plant densities of 15-20 plants per square metre is most desirable in the Lachlan Valley when establishing lucerne specifically for seed production. More than 60% of growers now undertake both winter and spring weed control programs and are able to correctly identify weeds. Seedgrowers now also have a better understanding of crop pollination and pollinating honey bees. A "Water Watch" service has been established and is supported by a resource information booklet compiled by the team. The adoption of the use of the "Water Watch" service, improved irrigation management techniques and the fostering of a commercially available Neutron probe irrigation scheduling service has been an important outcome of the project. Growers understand that to harvest quality seed a lucerne seed crop needs to be free of weeds and sufficiently mature before commencing seed harvest. Failure to have a crop in the correct condition at harvest may lead to increased mechanical damage of seed which reflects on the quality of seed placed on the market. A major achievement of the project has been the acceptance by seedgrowers that most factors contributing to achieving high yields are controllable.

Completed Projects prior to 2002-2003 - Availability of Technical and Economic Information

Project Title	Development of rapid biochemical methods for the identification of medic cultivars
RIRDC Project No:	DAV-57A
Researcher:	Martin Mebalds & James Woodward
Organisation:	Institute of Horticultural Development  Private Bag 15 SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176
Phone: