To
Fodder Crops Research in Progress
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2.5 Fodder
Crops - Completed projects
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PROJECT
No
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PROJECT TITLE
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RESEARCHER
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PHONE
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ORGANISATION
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New Markets and Products
Plant Breeding and Germplasm
Evaluation
Industry Communication
and Information Flows
Hay and Silage Production,
Processing and Transport
Contents
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2.5 Fodder
Crops - Completed projects prior to 2005-2006
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|
PROJECT
No
|
PROJECT TITLE
|
RESEARCHER
|
PHONE
|
ORGANISATION
|
Crop agronomy – nutrition,
disease, weed, pest and micro-organism management
Improved Fodder Quality
Industry Bio Security
and Environmental Management
New Markets and Products
Plant Breeding and Germplasm
Evaluation
Plant Disease, Weed, Pest
and Micro-organism Management
Quality Standards
Industry Communication
and Information Flows
R&D Management Monitoring
and Review
Other Related Projects
New Markets and Products
| Project
Title |
Developing
sustainable fodder crop systems with new annual pasture legumes |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
DAW-103A |
| Researcher: |
Sarah
Wickham |
| Organisation: |
Department
of Agriculture (WA)
Centre for Cropping Systems
PO Box 483
NORTHAM WA 6401 |
| Phone: |
(08)
9690 2000 |
| Fax: |
(08)
9622 1902 |
| Email: |
swickham@agric.wa.gov.au |
| Objectives |
·12 To measure feed
quality indicators for new annual pasture legumes.
·13 To determine the
nutritive value of a feed and how that relates to livestock production.
·14 To evaluate management
and preservation methods on feed quality for new pasture legumes.
·15 To increase awareness
and adoption of fodder cropping systems based on newly developed annual
pasture legumes.
|
| Background |
A
number of new annual pasture legumes have emerged that have the potential
as fodder crops because of their erect growth habit and exceptional productivity.
High value fodder crops provide farmers with a capacity to diversify production
systems and intensify their animal production. However, there is little
technical information available about how these new annual pasture legumes
fit into a farming system, particularly in relation to fodder conservation,
and about the quality of the feed produced. |
| Research |
The
project identified 26 species and varieties of new annual pasture legumes
and grew them in the WA Wheatbelt. Their biomass production and quality
was assessed and from this 12 annual pasture legumes that were deemed the
most suitable for the WA Wheatbelt were chosen. The 12 species were grown
at a number of locations across the Wheatbelt as monocultures and their
growth and quality compared to Oats. Three legume species were then chosen
to be grown in mixtures with either Oats or Ryegrass. Silage and hay were
made form the mixtures at three locations and quality of the silage was
assessed and compared to standing fodder. Biomass and quality results were
then used to assess the economic viability of the species and their suitability
for sheep production. |
| Outcomes |
Biomass
production of the annual pasture legumes varies across the Wheatbelt and
some species are more suited to certain areas than others. Biomass production
was greater for the mixtures than for the monocultures but quality was
less in the mixtures due to the presence of the grass. Silage production
was successful with all mixtures at all locations and quality was generally
maintained through conservation. All of the legume monocultures were able
to support a 45 kg dry mature ewe while the oats was deemed to be protein
deficient. The majority of the mixtures were suitable to support the sheep
with a few being protein deficient. The grass contributes more to the biomass
production while the legumes contribute to the quality. A balance between
these will provide some excellent feed in the way of silage. |
| Implications |
Having
crops that can produce good biomass, have good quality and ensile well
is important for farmers running a sheep enterprise. Silage can be a valuable
tool during the summer feed gap or during periods of drought. Silage can
also be used to finish lambs or as a supplement for sheep with higher quality
demands such as pregnant or lactating ewes. There is also a market for
high quality fodder, both domestically and internationally, and high quality
fodder may attract a premium based on the quality. |
| Publications |
In
press |
Plant Breeding and Germplasm
Evaluation
| Project
Title |
Update
of growing oat hay book |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
SAR-53A |
| Researcher: |
Dr
Pamela Zwer |
| Organisation: |
South
Australian Research and Development Institute
GPO Box 397
ADELAIDE SA 5001 |
| Phone: |
(08)
8303 9485 |
| Fax: |
(08)
9303 9378 |
| Email: |
zwer.pamela@saugov.sa.gov.au |
| Objectives |
· Provide a comprehensive
guide to growing oat hay in southern Australia for hay processors and growers
to ensure the availability of consistent high quality oat hay for export
and domestic markets.
· Identify research
areas requiring additional investigation.
|
| Background |
Oat
hay is a significant proportion of both export and domestic markets. Annual
production of fodder is 5.5 to 6.5 m tonnes worth $1.1 b at the farm gate.
About 4 m tonnes are used as fodder on the farm and about 1.4 m tonnes
is traded domestically with 40% used by the dairy industry, 25% for the
horse industry, 20% for the beef feed lot industry, and 15% for miscellaneous
uses. The export oat hay industry has grown from about 100,000 t in 1993
to over 600,000 t in 2005. The export hay industry is now worth at least
$150 m annually. A consistent supply of high quality hay is essential for
the industry to meet the challenges of increasing competition from North
America, expansion into new markets, and maintenance of current markets.
As the industry has grown many factors effecting hay quality have been
identified. An understanding of those factors that can be modified by the
grower will help to reduce the risk involved with producing first grade
hay. |
| Research |
The
primary result is the publication of Producing Quality Oat Hay.
Data presented in the book show conclusively the effects of different nitrogen
rates and varieties on key hay quality traits; digestibility (IVD), acid
detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), water soluble carbohydrates
(WSC), and shear energy. |
| Outcomes |
The
publication of Producing Quality Oat Hay and recommendations for
future research funding. |
| Implications |
Depending
on the year growers risk losing from $50 to $100 a tonne for poor quality
hay. The purpose of the book Producing Quality Oat Hay is to provide
growers with new developments and current research on growing high quality
oat hay to minimise this risk. The book also has information about quality
parameters that are now used to determine the grade of the hay and more
importantly how these quality traits affect the price of the oat hay. The
release of improved oat hay varieties, agronomic studies on how variety,
nitrogen, sowing rate, and sowing date affect hay quality, and the use
of superconditioners to reduce the curing time are some of the highlights
in Producing Quality Oat Hay.
Future research priorities
are outlined for growth favouring industry and growers in oat hay production. |
| Publications |
RIRDC
Publication No. R06/002 "Producing Quality Oat Hay" |
Industry Communication
and Information Flows
| Project
Title |
Technology
transfer of BMP/QA systems for quality lucerne hay production |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
DAN-202A |
| Researcher: |
Ms
Mary-Anne Lattimore |
| Organisation: |
NSW
Department of Agriculture
Yanco Agricultural Institute
PMB
YANCO NSW 2703 |
| Phone: |
02
6951 2695 |
| Fax: |
02
6951 2620 |
| Objectives |
· To produce a best
management practices (BMP) manual for Australian lucerne hay producers,
contractors, advisers, and other industry participants to improve the production,
efficiency and profitability of production and to ensure consistency in
marketable products.
|
| Background |
There
is increased demand for quality export and domestic hay to be produced
in Australia. The industry currently faces problems in producing exportable
quantities of high quality lucerne hay due to competition from a sometimes
higher domestic price and because many growers do not achieve potential
yields or quality. Producers and the industry require strategies to improve
the efficiency and profitability of production, so that they can consistently
meet the market requirements and environmental constraints. Successful
growers are already achieving high yields and quality. Adoption of best
management and benchmarking programs by growers can substantially improve
the profitability and efficiency of agricultural industries (eg. Australian
Rice Industry). This project aimed to provide best management strategies
for producers. |
| Research |
The
aim of this project was to gather existing information and BMP on lucerne
from Australia and the USA and to develop an extension guide for Australian
lucerne hay producers. A study tour examined lucerne (alfalfa) hay production
in the USA. Focus groups and case studies with Australian hay producers,
researchers and other industry people in key locations, Australia gathered
Australian lucerne hay experience. The project had a close association
with the Australian Fodder Industry Association. |
| Outcomes |
The
outcome is a BMP manual "Lucerne Hay Know-How" covering both irrigated
and dryland lucerne hay production for producers and advisers throughout
Australia. The manual provides strategies for producers to become more
efficient, productive, profitable and sustainable. |
| Implications |
Widespread
adoption of practices outlined in "Lucerne Hay Know-How" will lead to:
increased yield, quality and profitability for producers; a better supply
of high quality hay for domestic and export markets; enhanced export market
access; and a more profitable and stable lucerne hay industry. |
| Publications |
Travel
report. Lattimore, M and Roesner, L (2003). Lucerne study tour of the Pacific
Northwest and California USA 2002. NSW Agriculture Travel Report.
Extension articles: IREC
Farmers’ Newsletter, Green to Gold: Ag Contractor and Large Scale Farmer,
Grasslands Society NSW Newsletter
Conference presentations:
AFIA Conferences and RIRDC Updates 2003, 2004, 2005 and AFIA seminars.
"Lucerne Hay Know-How: a
best management guide for Australian producers" (in press). |
Hay and Silage Production,
Processing and Transport
| Project
Title: |
Performance
Based Standards assessment of vehicles for the transport of hay and straw |
| RIRDC
Project No: |
ARR-1A |
| Researcher: |
Rob
Di Cristoforo |
| Organisation: |
ARRB
Group Ltd |
| Phone: |
+61
3 9881 1611 |
| Fax: |
+61
3 9886 3076 |
| Email: |
robd@arrb.com.au |
| Objectives |
· To assess proposed
hay and straw transport methods, to develop guidelines for the transport
of hay and straw that can be implemented in all states, so that there is
understanding and consistency between regulatory bodies and the industry
nation-wide.
|
| Background |
RIDIC
has previously sponsored work in this area, report numbers ROA-1A (Testing
and simulation of hay bale loading on semi-trailers) and ROA-2A (Further
testing and simulation of hay bale loading on semi-trailers). Presentation
of this work to the SRA’s highlighted the need for some additional work
to be carried out in order to maximise the chances of a scheme for hay
and straw being implemented. |
| Research |
The
industry transports hay and straw bales of various that cannot always be
transported efficiently within prescriptive width and height regulations.
However, Performance-Based Standards (PBS) can be used to allow vehicles
to operate outside these prescriptive regulations if they are able to meet
certain levels of performance. ARRB used PBS methods to determine the performance
capabilities of various stacking configurations, providing a scientific
approach to introducing a safety-oriented hay and straw truck stacking
regime. |
| Outcomes |
The
performance of seven vehicles and five stacking configurations was assessed.
In general performance was good, but the extra width of the payloads resulted
in some standards being difficult to satisfy on geometric grounds. Good
performance of the vehicles in a stability sense is most strongly attributable
to the low mass of most of the stacking configurations. |
| Implications |
ARRB
considers that there is a case for negotiation between AFIA and regulatory
bodies on the implementation of all the vehicle/stacking scenarios investigated;
with the exception of load configuration D. |
| Publications |
Di
Cristoforo R (2006) Performance Based Standards assessment of vehicles
for the transport of hay and straw (in press) |
Crop
agronomy – nutrition, disease, weed, pest and micro-organism management
| Project
Title |
Review
of diseases of oats hay: current and future management |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
PFA-1A
& DAN-229A |
| Researcher: |
Mr
Pierre Fievez & Dr Gordon Murray |
| Organisation: |
Pierre
Fievez and Associates & NSW Department of Primary Industries |
| Phone: |
Pierre
(08) 6389 1666 or Gordon (02) 6938 1879 |
| Fax: |
Pierre
(08) 6389 2899 or Gordon (02) 6938 1822 |
| Email: |
fievez@q-net.net.au
or gordon.murray@agric.nsw.gov.au |
Objectives
of PFA-1A
|
·1 Identify and
prioritise current and potential disease limitations to oaten hay yield
and quality in the major production areas of Australia.
·2 In collaboration
with Dr. Murray DAW-229A, review current disease management strategies.
·3 In collaboration
with Dr. Murray, identify research and extension required, chances of success,
time frame and estimate likely cost.
·4 Provide disease
identification and control guidelines to alleviate threats to the industry.
·5 Conduct Benefit
Cost Analysis on R, D & E for key diseases.
·1 Thoroughly review
international and domestic literature on the important cereal diseases
and those that are of importance to oaten hay in Australia.
·2 In cooperation
with projects PFA-1A, develop a priority list of the important diseases
of oaten hay for the major production areas of Australia.
·6 From the literature
review (a), outline the management practices that may reduce the losses
form those diseases.
|
| Current
Progress |
The
survey of growers, exporters and agronomists was conducted by Fievez (WA)
and Faulkner (Eastern Australia).The oaten hay production areas of southern
Australia were split using GRDC’s agro-ecological zones. The survey has
identified a very low level of disease recognition skills and general knowledge
of oat diseases across all sectors of the oaten hay industry.
The foliar diseases of most
concern are Septoria leaf blotch, rusts, barley yellow dwarf virus and
bacterial stripe blight. Red leather leaf occurs in eastern Australia,
but its significance is not fully understood. The disease has not yet been
identified in WA. Fusarium diseases are important constraints in the mallee
areas of SA and Victoria. The significance of the oat susceptible strain
of take-all in SA in particular is still being assessed. Cereal cyst nematode
and some of the root lesion nematodes are problems, particularly in SA
and Victoria. In WA their importance is less well understood. Stem nematode
has not been identified in Australia and maintaining this status is an
ongoing priority. Annual ryegrass toxicity continues to be an expensive
and frustrating industry issue. In the low rainfall areas, premature senescence
of foliage due to climatic factors has a large impact on yield and quality.
Existing disease control
measures are being assessed, gaps identified and international data bases
reviewed. |
| Publications |
In press
|
Improved Fodder
Quality
| Project
Title |
Development
of an integrated R&D activity to specify fodder quality |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
JLB-1A |
| Researcher: |
Dr.
John Black |
| Organisation: |
John
L Black Consulting
Locked Bag 21
WARRIMOO NSW 2774 |
| Phone: |
(02)
4753 6231 |
| Fax: |
(02)
4753 6295 |
| Email: |
jblack@pnc.com.au |
| Objectives |
·19 An integrated
R&D program to attain a nationally uniform method which delivers to
the fodder industry in Australia a practical measurement system based on
voluntary feed intake, palatability and choice preference which can be
reflected in a fodder market grading system for domestic and export fodder.
|
| Background |
The
project has been the first phase of an integrated R&D program which
is to deliver a national system for specifying the quality of hay for the
domestic and export industries. Hay ‘acceptability’ (whether it is eaten
or rejected when first offered) is an important characteristic of hays
for export to the Japanese dairy industry and for the Australian horse
industry. The aim of the research has been to provide a sound scientific
base for identifying the major characteristics of hay that determine its
preference, digestibility and amount eaten by different animal types.
Rapid methods for measuring
these characteristics based on near infra-red (NIR) and odour detection
technologies are needed to allow quick assessment of the quality of any
batch of hay prior to trading. |
| Research |
Results
from several experiments with sheep show that the total energy value (digestibility
multiplied by intake) of cereal hays can be predicted from a laboratory
measure of digestibility, crude protein content and the energy required
to shear hay. These three characteristics account for around 75% of the
variation observed in total energy intake of cereal hays by sheep.
Results from a large experiment
comparing preference, intake and digestibility of cereal and legume hays
between sheep, lactating dairy cows, thoroughbred horses and steers showed
that sheep cannot be used to determine hay preference for the other animal
types. Considerable error is also likely to occur if intake and digestibility
of hay for cattle and horses is predicted from results obtained by sheep.
However, the rank order of hay quality remained relatively constant across
the animal types.
An experiment is in progress
and will be continued during phase 2 of the project to determine the preference
of approximately 100 samples of oaten hay for milking dairy cows and horses
and 100 lucerne hays for horses. Rapid odour measurement technology and
conventional chemistry are being used to identify characteristics of the
hays that may influence preference by each animal type. There are clear
differences in the odorous compounds released from hays with difference
preference by dairy cows and horses.
A Methods Manual has been
produced to provide standard methods for chemically analysing hay and silage.
Identical samples of hay have been sent to several laboratories across
Australia and New Zealand to determine the variation in analyses between
laboratories. Similar comparisons will be made across laboratories for
NIR measurements of hay characteristics. |
| Outcomes |
The
outcomes from both phase 1 and phase 2 of the project will be a specification
system for predicting the quality of hay samples for different types of
livestock. A methods manual outlining the procedures to be used for measuring
hay quality characteristics has been produced and will be updated throughout
phase 2 of the project. |
| Implications |
The
development of a quality specification system and technology for the rapid
measurement of hay quality characteristics should allow hay buyers to purchase
batches that best suit their specific needs whether for the maintenance
of stock during drought, high producing dairy cows, feedlot cattle or for
racing or recreational horses. The adoption of uniform analytical methods
across laboratories should ensure that similar results are obtained for
the analysis of hay samples anywhere across the country and assist in the
acceptance of hay quality measurements as the basis for hay trading. |
| Publications |
John
Black (2004). Research to support specification of fodder quality. RIRDC
Short Report. No. 136. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation,
Canberra. |
Industry Bio Security
and Environmental Management
| Project
Title |
Chemical
use in fodder crops |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
EAV-1A |
| Researcher: |
Mr
Anthony Flynn |
| Organisation: |
Eureka!
Agresearch (Vic) Pty Ltd
PO Box 2006
WERRIBEE, VIC, 3030 |
| Phone: |
(03)
9731 3286 |
| Fax: |
(03)
9731 3285 |
| Email: |
eurekaagresearch@bigpond.com |
| Objectives |
·1 To collect and
review data on the use of chemicals in fodder crops and to ascertain the
risk of these chemicals on the industry in domestic or export markets.
|
| Background |
Chemical
residues are one of the greatest risks to fodder markets. Exceeding maximum
residue levels (MRLs) will see Australian fodder banned from markets. This
project was undertaken to help demonstrate that the Australian industry
is pro-active in preventing chemical residues and provide data to establish
the current position. |
| Research |
Literature
was reviewed for information on chemical residues in fodder crops. This
included the MRL situation of major trading partners and competitors. A
list was collated of all chemicals currently registered in Australia for
use on major fodder crops and their associated MRLs. A sample of agronomists
and farmers were interviewed in confidence to identify chemicals that may
be used but are not registered. |
| Outcomes |
Little
relevant literature was found. The most relevant being comprehensive grain
commodity residue surveys. A limitation of these was the relevance of the
pesticides screened to fodder, there was a bias to products used in grain
storage and few herbicides were tested. Despite this the surveys indicate
that food commodities in Australia rarely exceed acceptable levels of pesticides.
The biggest residue issue
facing the fodder industry is that more than half of the products registered
for use on fodder crops do not have an established MRL. It is illegal to
have any residue of these chemicals in fodder and so it is very likely
that illegal residues can be detected in fodder.
Japan buys about 80% of Australia’s
export fodder and is dramatically changing the way it deals with residues
in food commodities and is likely to extend this to fodder. Growers need
to be informed of these changes. The Japanese are instituting preliminary
MRLs, usually based on the mean of MRLs of trading partners. As only the
USA has MRLs for many fodder crops their MRLs will likely become the defacto
standard.
The USA, Canada and China
are Australia’s major competitors in export fodder markets. Of these only
the USA has MRLs for many chemicals used in fodder and this could put them
at an advantage in supplying Japan. |
| Implications |
The
fodder industry needs to address the lack of MRLs in most of the chemicals
used in fodder production. Recommendations of how this can be approached
were provided in this project.
The opportunity exists for
the fodder export industry to adopt relevant US MRLs while local MRLs are
being established. This will largely protect the industry from potential
bans. The industry should work with government agencies and R&D Corporations
to generate MRLs for fodder crops. |
| Publications |
Flynn,
Anthony (2005) Chemical use in fodder crops (86 pgs) RIRDC Publication
Number R05/092 |
Completed Projects (prior
to 2005-2006)? New Markets and Products
| Project
Title |
Testing
and simulation of hay bale loading on semi-trailers |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
ROA-1A |
| Researcher: |
Dr
Peter F Sweatman |
| Organisation: |
Roaduser
Systems Pty Ltd |
| Phone: |
(03)
9334 7888 |
| Fax: |
(03)
9334 7877 |
| Email: |
peter@roaduser.com.au |
| Objectives |
·2 To determine,
by physical testing, the stability characteristics of various hay bale
types when loaded onto semi-trailers with various stacking arrangements
and load restraint techniques. To show, by computer simulation, that typical
hay trucks loaded with various hay bale types can comply with the new Performance-Based
Standards (PBS) for heavy vehicles developed by the National Road Transport
Commission (NRTC).
|
| Background |
In
recent years there has been a significant increase in the volume of hay
traded in Australia, which has seen an increase in the number of accidents
involving vehicle rollovers or hay falling from trucks. As a consequence,
enforcement officers have selectively focused load restraint and dimensional
infringement notices on the hay transport sector, highlighting the inequity
in the regulatory system that has different rules in each State. |
| Research |
By
testing the lateral rigidity of restrained semi-trailer loads of hay bales,
computer simulation modelling of those loads on typical hay trucks was
used to determine the effect of load movement on overall vehicle stability.
This methodology was used to aid the development of consistent loading
rules with a scientific basis that directly addresses stability concerns. |
| Outcomes |
The
research found that hay trucks have reasonably high roll stability, dependent
mainly upon bale type and load height. Load shift was found to be small,
even at high levels of lateral acceleration, provided that proper load
restraints are used. The effect of load restraint method on roll stability
was found to be of some significance and small but worthwhile benefits
were found for some improved load restraint practices. The research also
showed that certain stacking arrangements not allowed under current regulations
are better performers than certain loads that are currently allowed. |
| Implications |
This
research project offers a solid scientific basis for consideration by State
road authorities when revising current hay loading rules to allow more
productive and efficient transport of hay bales on semi-trailers without
compromising safety. |
| Publications |
Sweatman,
Dr Peter & Di Cristoforo, Robert (2003). Testing and simulation
of hay bale loading on semi-trailers, (45 pgs) RIRDC Publication Number
R03/120. |
Completed Projects (prior
to 2005-2006)? New Markets and Products
| Project
Title |
Further
testing and simulation of hay bale loading on semi-trailers |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
ROA-2A |
| Researcher: |
Dr
Peter F Sweatman |
| Organisation: |
Roaduser
Systems Pty Ltd |
| Phone: |
(03)
9334 7888 |
| Fax: |
(03)
9334 7877 |
| Email: |
peter@roaduser.com.au |
| Objectives |
·1 To determine,
by physical testing, the stability characteristics of various hay bale
types when loaded onto semi-trailers with various stacking arrangements
and load restraint techniques.
·2 To show, by computer
simulation, that typical hay trucks loaded with various hay bale types
can comply with the new Performance-Based Standards (PBS) for heavy vehicles
developed by the National Road Transport Commission (NRTC).
|
| Background |
In
recent years there has been a significant increase in the volume of hay
traded in Australia, which has seen an increase in the number of accidents
involving vehicle rollovers or hay falling from trucks. As a consequence,
enforcement officers have selectively focused load restraint and dimensional
infringement notices on the hay transport sector, highlighting the inequity
in the regulatory system that has different rules in each State. |
| Research |
By
testing the fore-aft rigidity of restrained semi-trailer loads of hay bales
by tilt testing, compliance with the national Load Restraint Guide was
proven. This methodology was used to aid the development of consistent
loading rules with a scientific basis that directly addresses stability
concerns. Additional computer simulations were also carried out to prove
compliance with additional Performance-Based Standards. |
| Outcomes |
The
research found that hay trucks are capable of satisfying the requirements
of the Load Restraint Guide without excessive amounts of load restraint
(i.e. rear gates and edge protectors). Load shift was found to be small
in terms of the effect on axle load distribution under braking. The research
showed that loads up to 4.6 m high and 2.7 m high can be justified. |
| Implications |
This
research project offers a solid scientific basis for consideration by State
road authorities when revising current hay loading rules to allow more
productive and efficient transport of hay bales on semi-trailers without
compromising safety. |
| Publications |
Sweatman,
Dr Peter & Di Cristoforo, Robert (2004). Further testing and simulation
of hay bale loading on semi-trailers, (40 pgs) RIRDC Publication Number
R04/124. |
Completed Projects (prior
to 2005-2006)? New Markets and Products
| Project
Title |
Australian
Fodder Industry Production Atlas |
| RIRDC
Project No: |
PTP-14A |
| Researcher: |
Arthur
Stubbs |
| Organisation: |
Primary
Tasks Pty Ltd
Unit 58/2, 247-255 Drummond
Street
CARLTON VIC 3053 |
| Phone: |
03
9844 1135 |
| Fax: |
03
9844 4554 |
| Email: |
akstubbs@compuserve.com |
| Objectives |
· To map Australian
fodder production patterns by defining volumes, location, nature, timing
and quality of fodder produced, potentially for trade, and identifying
major operators and organisations involved in production, trade and servicing.
|
| Background |
Australian
Bureau of Statistics data are currently the prime source of information
on the fodder industry in Australia, however, except for export data, they
are historical records, provide very limited categorisation and are focussed
on total production. There is a general awareness of the major operators
and organisations involved in fodder production, trade and servicing, and
issues such as quality and prices, but this is usually very localised and
has not been collectively documented. Fodder industry meetings since 1994
have agreed that measuring and mapping the industry was an important requirement. |
| Research |
Desk
research was undertaken to gather current data on fodder production statistics
and logistics from national and State rural surveys and statistical databases,
followed by communication and interview with key people and organisations
involved in the fodder industry. Emphasis was placed on the current major
trade supply channels to define the major market areas for immediate application,
but also provide information on potential fodder products and areas. |
| Outcomes |
An
Australian Fodder Production Atlas was prepared giving the latest available
information on fodder production by type, quantity, seasonal availability
and general quality. The atlas makes reference to the recent background
of commercial fodder production in Australia, from the commencement of
the export hay trade, to give a historical perspective. In addition, information
is provided on the main trade channels, significant operators in the domestic
and export markets, fodder markets and prices. A survey procedure is also
defined, based on key correspondents and operations, to enable updating
of the atlas from time to time, as required. This is based on the AFIA
playing a key role in future collection and communication of this information
to the industry. |
| Implications |
This
atlas of fodder production, by type, quantity and quality, will complement
recent fodder industry achievements in testing and description standards,
and lead to better informed prediction and sourcing of hay supplies for
the various domestic and export markets. |
| Publications |
Stubbs
A.K (2000). Atlas of the Australian Fodder Industry. RIRDC Publication
Number R00/122. |
Completed Projects (prior
to 2005-2006)? Plant Breeding and Germplasm Evaluation
| Project
Title |
Evaluation
of potential fodder legume and grass crops for dryland hay production |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
IPB-2A |
| Researcher: |
Dr
Ross Downes |
| Organisation: |
Innovative
Plant Breeders |
| Phone |
02
62551461 |
| Fax: |
02
62553651 |
| Email: |
rdownes@ipbaustralia.com |
| Objectives |
·3 To identify the
varieties of grasses and annual fodder legumes best able to meet the demand
for reliable production of quality hay in a range of environments.
|
| Background |
In
view of decreasing availability of irrigation for hay production, the increasing
export market for hay, and changes in location of significant Australian
markets for fodder, it is timely to examine opportunities to develop appropriate
new fodder production practices especially using species widely used in
other countries. Evaluation of new species and practices needs to be conducted
in the context of problems such as herbicide-resistant weeds, rising water
tables and increasing salinity, factors which are adversely threatening
the environment and sustainable agricultural production. |
| Research |
The
characteristics and productivity of a large number of annual fodder legumes
and grasses were investigated, and opportunities for their use examined
in a range of environments. In addition to productivity, marketing and
financial considerations, their potential contribution to soil fertility
and ecological issues was considered. |
| Outcomes |
An
extensive range of fodder legume varieties, bred for adaptation to a range
of local conditions is available and provide opportunities for increased
quality hay production was identified. The more erect types are available
to produce high quality hay for export. Twining types grown with grasses
are not suitable for export markets but have potential, as hay or silage,
to produce value added products such as meat and milk, in Australia. Suitable
varieties of timothy and brome grass need to be developed before they can
be used for export hay production. Findings were presented and discussed
at meetings and field days attended by producers, hay marketers and researchers. |
| Implications |
Production
and conservation of fodder of winter-spring growing annual fodder legumes
under dry land conditions has two significant benefits. Water is used more
efficiently than in irrigated summer crops and limited water resources
will be available for other enterprises, and hay and silage is of much
greater feeding value than dry feed in the field. |
| Publications |
Reports
in AFIA Conference Proceedings (1999, 2000, 2001). Web only report published.
RIRDC Publication Number W05/107 |
Completed Projects (prior
to 2005-2006)? Plant Breeding and Germplasm Evaluation
| Project
Title |
Development
of improved oat varieties for hay end-use |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
SAR-31A |
| Researcher: |
Pamela
Zwer |
| Organisation: |
South
Australian Research & Development Institute
GPO Box 397
ADELAIDE SA 5001 |
| Phone: |
08
8303 9485 |
| Fax: |
08
8303 9378 |
| Email: |
zwer.pamela@saugov.sa.gov.au |
| Objectives |
·1 Generate new
oat populations and identify selections with improved hay end-use characters
based on breeding priorities identified by growers and hay processors.
Promote F5 and F6 oat lines currently in the program
to advanced trials and make a decision about variety releases by 2003.
|
| Background |
Oaten
hay exports to Japan have increased from about 170,000 tonnes in 1997 to
500,000 tonnes worth about $183 million for Australia. The continued growth
of this industry is dependent on meeting specifications of more discriminating
export and domestic markets. Oat varieties with improved characters for
fodder performance are needed by both growers and hay processors. This
research program was designed to specifically improve oat varieties for
hay end-use. |
| Research |
Parental
material were evaluated for increased dry matter yield, improved early
vigour to compete with weeds, thin to medium stem diameter, plant colour,
and a wider range of plant maturites. Disease resistance and hay quality
were also important characters for selection of parental material. Crosses
were made with introduced germplasm possessing desirable traits and adapted
oat lines developed in the SARDI breeding program. Advanced breeding lines
were evaluated in hay trials across South Australia, Victoria, and Western
Australia. Disease resistance, agronomic characters, hay yield potential,
and hay quality were assessed. Data were summarised and used to identify
improved oat varieties for hay end-use. |
| Outcomes |
Germplasm,
introduced from Canada, United Kingdom, USA, and Brazil, was evaluated
for disease resistance and hay quality. Early generation material derived
from the crosses are in the F2 , F3 , and F4
generations. Stage 4 hay trials consisting of 36 entries were sown at four
locations for hay cuts and an additional two sites for disease assessment
in 2001 and 2002 . Stage 5 hay trials consisting of 12 entries,
a subset of the stage 4 trial entries, were sown at 6 sites in 2001and
13 in 2002. Agronomic data, disease reactions, and quality evaluations
were used to promote the most promising lines to the next year. Line
SV88083-4 was released as Wintaroo and is in commercial production in 2003.
Line SV87103-109 was named Brusher and will be in limited commercial production
in 2003. Breeder seed was developed for SV93072-43 and is being increased
for release to AEXCO for commercialisation. |
| Implications |
New
oat variety releases for hay production are available to growers in 2003.
Benefits from the release of improved hay varieties will influence growers,
processors, and the customer. The availability of first grade hay with
consistent palatability will provide a reliable supply of a quality product
for processors to market domestically and overseas. Customers will benefit
with a superior performing fodder. |
| Publications |
Report
to be incorporated with final report for RIRDC project SAR-50A. |
Completed Projects (prior
to 2005-2006)? Plant Breeding and Germplasm Evaluation
| Project
Title |
Development
of Disease Resistant, High Yielding Oat Cultivars with Enhanced Quality
for Hay Production |
| RIRDC
Project No: |
SAR-8A |
| Researcher: |
Pamela
Zwer |
| Organisation: |
South
Australian Research & Development Institute
GPO Box 397
ADELAIDE SA 5001 |
| Phone: |
(08)
8303 9485 |
| Fax: |
(08)
8303 9378 |
| Email: |
zwer.pamela@saugov.sa.gov.au |
| Objectives |
· Generate new oat
populations and identify selections with improved hay end-use characters
based on breeding priorities identified by farmers and hay processors.
Promote F5 and F6 oat lines currently in the program
to advanced trials and make a decision about cultivar release by 2000.
|
| Background |
Oaten
hay exports to Japan have increased from about 170,000 tonnes in 1997 to
almost 400,000 tonnes in 1999. The industry was worth about $110 million
in 1999 (delivered to Japan) and with the expansion of the market to 500,000
tonnes would be worth about $183 million for Australia. The continued growth
of this industry is dependent on meeting specifications of more discriminating
export and domestic markets. Oat varieties with improved characters for
fodder performance, are needed by both growers and hay processors. This
research program was designed to specifically improve oat varieties for
hay end-use. |
| Research |
Parental
material were evaluated for increased dry matter yield, improved early
vigour to compete with weeds, thin to medium stem diameter, plant colour,
and a wider range of plant maturites. Disease resistance and forage quality,
were also important characters for selection of parental material. Crosses
were made with introduced germplasm possessing desirable traits and adapted
oat lines developed in the SARDI breeding program. Advanced breeding lines
were evaluated in hay trials across South Australia, Victoria, and Western
Australia. Disease resistance, agronomic characters, hay yield potential,
and forage quality were assessed. Data were summarised and used to identify
improved oat varieties for hay end-use. |
| Outcomes |
Approximately
60 germplasm introductions were sourced from oat breeding programs and
collections worldwide and used to produce 160 single crosses. Early generation
material derived from the crosses are in the F2 , F3 ,
and F4 generations. About 900 F4 plots were sown
from lines derived from 1997 single crosses. Stage 4 hay trials consisting
of 32 entries were sown at three to four locations in 1998, 1999, and 2000.Stage
5 hay trials, consisting of 12 entries, a subset of the stage 4 trial entries,
were sown at 11 sites in 1998, eight sites in 1999, and seven sites in
2000. Agronomic data, disease reactions, and quality evaluations
were used to promote the most promising lines to the next year.Two advanced
breeding lines, SV88083-4 and SV87103-109, were selected as new variety
releases. Commercialisation of SV88083-4 is proceeding.SV93072-43
is being considered for variety release. |
| Implications |
New
oat variety releases for hay production will be available to growers beginning
in 2003. Benefits from the release of improved hay varieties will influence
growers, processors, and the customer. The availability of first grade
hay with consistent palatability will provide a reliable supply of a quality
product for processors to market domestically and overseas. Customers will
benefit with a superior performing fodder. |
| Publications |
Zwer,
P and Hoppo, S (2002). Oaten Hay Variety Development, RIRDC Publication
No: R02/117 |
Completed
Projects (prior to 2005-2006)? Plant Disease, Weed, Pest and Micro-organism
Management
| Project
Title |
Development
of an R&D strategy for quality cereal hay production |
| RIRDC
Project No.: |
GRS-1A |
| Researcher: |
Dr
Graham Steed |
| Organisation: |
G
R Steed & Associates Pty Ltd |
| Phone: |
02
60 327788 |
| Email: |
gsteed@albury.net.au |
| Objectives |
· To provide RIRDC,
the Cereal Hay Industry and research providers with an agreed strategy
for new agronomy R&D aimed at improved productivity for quality cereal
hay production.
· To involve all relevant
groups in the development of this strategy and to effectively disseminate
the ultimate plan to those groups.
|
| Background |
The
RIRDC Fodder Crops Program has worked with industry and Government groups
to facilitate a voluntary R&D levy on cereal hay production. This R&D
levy is combined with RIRDC core funds to facilitate the identification,
development and conduct of a research program for agronomy for quality
cereal hay production. This project is the first step in development of
this R&D portfolio and provides clear priorities and guidelines for
future R&D investment in agronomy – based projects aimed at improved
productivity and quality in the cereal hay industry. |
| Research |
Past
and current R&D was reviewed and an industry workshop identified the
key research gaps that should be addressed by a new research portfolio.
These research projects were prioritised and tested at both the RIRDC Fodder
Crop Technical meeting and the AFIA conference. |
| Outcomes |
A
list of "agronomy for cereal hay R&D projects" is identified. These
projects are grouped into those that should be initiated immediately (fast
track) and those that can be implemented over time in a series of RIRDC
funding cycles. |
| Implications |
· The RIRDC Fodder
Crop Committee has a blueprint for an R&D portfolio consisting of a
number of high priority projects.
· The cereal hay industry
will see immediate and future benefits from the levies they are contributing
and successful outcomes from this research effort will improve productivity
and enhance Australia’s reputation in international markets.
|
| Publications |
GR
Steed & Associates, Development of an R&D strategy for quality
cereal hay production, RIRDC Report available on request. |
Completed Projects (prior
to 2005-2006)? Plant Disease, Weed, Pest and Micro-organism Management
| Project
Title |
Field
testing microbial inoculants for hay preservation |
| RIRDC
Project No: |
UQ-82A |
| Researcher: |
Dr.
Peter Dart |
| Organisation: |
The
University of Queensland
School of Land and Food
Systems
ST. LUCIA QLD 4072 |
| Phone: |
(07)
3365 2867 |
| Fax: |
(07)
3365 1188 |
| Email: |
p.dart@mailbox.uq.edu.au |
| Objectives |
Stage
1:
·1 To develop a
commercial microbial inoculum for the preservation of hay and hay pellets
that inhibits growth of spoilage fungi and thereby results in a superior
product with a higher value in the market place. The inoculum will be available
at a cost effective price and easy to use with little expenditure on application
equipment. The product will potentially be available for export.
Stage 2:
·2 Final testing
of a microbial inoculant, HayRite (TM), that preserves hay against fungus
attack, before it is commercialised by the project collaborators, RIRDC,
UQ and BioCare. The trials are essential for quality control of the product
and will test different application regimes at several locations. The project
will test the effect of the inoculated hay fed to animals on feed intake,
weight gain and rumen function and assay the levels (if any) of residual
antibiotics in the milk, blood and rumen fluid.
|
| Background |
Losses
of quality on baling of hay can be considerable if hay is preserved too
dry because this will induce leaf shatter particularly for lucerne and
clover hays. Bailing hay too moist, largely because of variable weather,
can lead to spoilage through overheating and fungal contamination and rotting
of the hay. Field trials with a microbial inoculant HayRiteTM
have shown that it can improve hay quality when hay is baled at elevated
moisture levels. The inoculant bacteria produces an antifungal antibiotic.
The project has assessed the presence of any antibiotic residues on the
hay that, when fed to animals, may result in a change in food intake, metabolism
or can subsequently be detected in milk. The method of producing the inoculant
for commercial use has been developed and is prepared as a powder. This
product has been assessed for field use and has been tested for its efficacy
on a range of crops in different locations and seasons. Animal feeding
trials for residues in milk were conducted in collaboration with a dairy
farmer and the Cobram milk factory that used the lab based Delvotest SP
procedure. Other animal trials involving beef cattle and sheep have been
conducted at UQ. There was no difference between treated and untreated
hay without mould in feed intake, changes in the weight gain, and in the
case of sheep, microbial protein production and antifungal antibiotic presence
in rumen fluid and blood. |
| Research |
Extensive
farm field trails have shown that HayRiteTM is effective in
halting moulding in a range of hays that are baled at high atmospheric
moisture levels and in wheat baled at high sap moisture. The treatment
of hay with HayRiteTM fed to animals had no detectable effects
on their health or intake. In the case of sheep, the treatment of hay with
HayRiteTM at either baling or sprayed onto hay just before feeding
had no deleterious effects on the health of either the ewes treated or
their lambs born 3-6 weeks after feeding. There were some small beneficial
effects of these HayRite on nutritive value and live-weight gains of ewes
given HayRiteTM The substantial beneficial effects of treating
hay with HayRiteTM during drying may be further enhanced by
minor improvements in hay quality and animal performance fed these diets. |
| Outcomes |
This
project is in the final stages of developing a commercial inoculant to
be known as HayRiteTM. The product preserves moist hay against
fungal attack to give a superior quality fodder with a higher value in
the market place. Field trials in SE Qld, NSW and in Victoria have shown
that the inoculum is effective in preserving lucerne, sorghum, wheat and
rye grass/clover hay. The inoculum can be stored under refrigeration for
at least a year, it is not corrosive and application is simple using existing
farm spraying equipment. The inoculum is most effective when applied at
mowing. Animal intake is not affected by the inoculum.
Farmer co-operators will
test the inoculum again in the 2002 season before its commercial release
in 2002/03. |
| Implications |
HayRiteTM
is a new product for hay preservation with advantages in the field and
will be in cost over its competitors on the market in Australia and the
rest of the world. Its use gives farmers a flexibility in operation that
they desire to overcome the vagaries of the weather. It can be applied
using readily available equipment that most farmers will already have.
Use of HayRiteTM may also improve hay quality even if weather
damage is not an issue, and treated hay should command a price premium.
The product will potentially be available for export. |
| Publications |
Brown
S. and Dart P (2005). Testing hay treated with mould-inhibiting biocontrol
inoculum (30pgs) RIRDC Publication Number R05/103 |
Completed Projects (prior
to 2005-2006)? Plant Disease, Weed, Pest and Micro-organism Management
| Project
Title |
Sulla
and other forage species for Southern Australia |
| RIRDC
Project No: |
UWA
30A |
| Researcher: |
Dr
Mike Ewing |
| Organisation: |
Centre
for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture |
| Phone: |
(08)
9380 1876 |
| Fax: |
(08)
93801140 |
| Email |
mewing@cyllene.uwa.edu.au |
| Objectives |
· Identify new legumes
species and cultivars suited for use in a range of existing and innovative
fodder production systems.
· Work with the fodder
industry to develop and demonstrate the productivity and quality potential
and benefits of new fodder legumes and to identify constraints to their
adoption.
|
| Background |
Changes
in farmer systems and new technology in the form of new legume cultivars
has stimulated interest in their potential in fodder production and also
the further development of new legumes legume species and cultivars with
potential for use in such systems. |
| Research |
The
project involved a program of activities linking evaluation of plant and
rhizobial genetic resources, evaluation of promising legume species and
cultivars in field experiments and demonstrating legume productivity in
a range of fodder production systems. The field evaluation and demonstrations
were conducted on the farms of fodder producers and covered a wide range
of soils and management systems. |
| Outcomes |
Key
outcomes included:
· Demonstration
that new available legume species and cultivars were highly productive
in fodder systems (eg. Cadiz French serradella).
· The release of Caprera
crimson clover and Cefalu arrowleaf clover for use as dual-purpose grazing/fodder
plants on well drained soils.
· Identification of
elite accessions of a group of legumes (and their root nodule bacteria)
that, with further testing, and will add to available fodder legume options
(eg. sulla Hedysarum coronarium; purple clover).
|
