Asian Foods - RIRDC Completed Projects in 2006--2007 & Research in Progress as at June 2007

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RIRDC Completed Projects in 2006-2007 & Research in Progress as at June 2007
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Asian Foods - Completed projects

PROJECT
No PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION

Understanding consumer needs in both domestic and export markets

DAV-227A Health-promoting, plant-based products identified through traditional Chinese knowledge Mr Graeme Thomson (03) 9210 9259 Department of Primary Industries (Vic)

Communication and collaboration with industry

DAN-211A Improved Economic Sustainability of Vietnamese Vegetable Growers in the Sydney Basin Peter Malcolm (02) 4588 2105 NSW Dept of Agriculture

Improve crop productivity, sustainability and produce quality

CON-8A Technical Guidelines to Improve Supply Chains for ‘Winter’ Asian Vegetables from Northern Australia Mr Barry Lee 0418 230 393 Connectica International

WMO-1A Review of Asian Food projects to identify key messages and gaps in research Dr Wendy Morgan (03) 9587 6892

Foster development of new products, both fresh and semi processed

CSP-9A Edamame soybean development in Australia Mr. Andrew James (07) 3214 2278 CSIRO Plant Industry

DAQ-298A Development of Prunus mume, a new tree crop for Australia Dr. Bruce Topp (07) 5441 2211 Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)

DAQ-307A Anti-cancer Potential of Asian Brassicas Dr. Tim O'Hare (07) 5466 2257 Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)

Objective 1: Understanding consumer needs in both domestic and export markets

Project Title: Health-promoting, plant-based products identified through traditional Chinese knowledge

RIRDC Project No.: DAV-227A

Researcher: Graeme Thomson

Organisation: Victoria Department of Primary Industries
Primary Industries Research Victoria - Knoxfield
Private Bag 15
Ferntree Gully DC Vic 3156

Phone: 03 9210 9222

Fax: 03 9800 3521

Email: graeme.thomson@dpi.vic.gov.au

Objectives The project conducted a comprehensive, up-to-date literature review that critically examined the health benefits to consumers of plant products used in traditional Chinese medicine. The emphasis was on plant products with the potential to bring significant benefits to sufferers of chronic diseases in Australia (eg. cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, dementia).

Background Plants have always been a source of medicine and a major resource for human health care. Chinese traditional medicine has documented the use of botanicals for over 2,000 years. Natural products and mainly plants (greater than 80%) are the basis of traditional Chinese medicine. About 500 species are commonly prescribed by Chinese medical practitioners but up to 2,000 plants have a history of recorded use. Ethnopharmacological data is viewed by researchers as an increasingly relevant and important source of new medicinal products. Chinese medicinal herbals make up a large proportion of the over US$15 billion annual worldwide sales of natural medicines.

Research The study considered around 500 Asian medicinal plant species and directly reviewed and documented information on over 400 with links to some of Australia’s chronic diseases. Ninety-eight percent of these were higher plants. Over 3,500 scientific reference items were reviewed and over 1,000 of these were directly referenced in species summaries. There were more species associated with anticancer effects than any other chronic disease, suggesting that if Asian medicinal species are to make new impacts on human health in Australia, there is a strong chance that this will be as anticancer agents.

Outputs Conclusive positive human results from randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled experiments were only available for a limited number of crops. Garlic (Allium sativum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), green tea (Camellia sinensis), ginseng (Panax ginseng), Astragalus membranaceus and Ginkgo biloba are existing Australian commercial crops that are important Chinese medicinal plants with strong support from medical efficacy trials.
Other species backed by good data could be potential ‘new’ commercial crops. These include Apocynum venetum (hypertension, cholesterol), Codonopsis pilosula (dementia), Fallopia multiflora (cholesterol, dementia), Huperzia serrata (dementia), Lycium barbarum (cardiovascular, cholesterol, diabetes, cancer), Lycium chinense (liver), Stephania tetrandra (cardiovascular, arthritis) and Trichosanthes kirilowii (cancer, HIV, inflammation, cardiovascular, osteoarthritis).
At least seventeen species of ‘Asian’ medicinal plants are also Australian indigenous species. Of these, Bacopa monnieri, Brucea javanica, Centella asiatica, Cuscuta chinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Oenanthe javanica and Orthosiphon aristatus have either associated efficacy data or warrant on-going investigation whether this be as an ‘Asian medicinal plant’ or ‘Australian bush-food’.

Implications There should be opportunities to examine the agronomy of two or three potential new medicinal plant species in new projects.

Objective 2: Communication and collaboration with industry

Project Title: Improved Economic Sustainability of Vietnamese Vegetable Growers in the Sydney Basin

RIRDC Project No.: DAN-211A

Researcher: Peter Malcolm

Organisation: NSW Department of Primary Industries
Agriculture & Fisheries Branch
Intensive Industries Dev
Horticutural Services
Richmond NSW 2753

Phone: 02 45882105

Fax: 02 45882159

Email: peter.malcolm@dpi.nsw.gov.au

Objectives To assess the portability of the Bilingual Extension Model demonstrated in the Northern Territory by Morgan [Morgan W. (2003)], which assisted Asian growers from Non English Speaking Background (NESB) to adopt better vegetable growing practices.

Background An earlier study [Morgan W. (2003) RIRDC Publication –No. 12/168] demonstrated that the use of a Bilingual Communications Officer in the Northern Territory assisted in improving the adoption by Vietnamese NESB vegetable growers of better vegetable growing practices.

Research Following the appointment of a Bilingual Vietnamese/English speaking Communications Officer to work with Vietnamese growers near Sydney, an initial survey was conducted to determine their vegetable growing practices. After three years of one to one contact and formal training with the Bilingual Communications Officer, a follow up survey was conducted to determine changes in knowledge and farming practices that had occurred over the project’s duration.

Outcomes This project proved to be extremely popular with all stakeholders and was successful in assisting Vietnamese speaking growers to start adopting best farming practices. It has shown that positive results can be obtained by identifying grower needs and issues and, by the employment of a Bilingual Officer working closely with growers, to resolve identified issues in a bottom up process. The Bilingual Extension Model has not only been useful in solving some of the immediate problems of growers, but also in delivering social and educational outcomes that might not have been possible using other extension methods.

Implications In the interests of equity and to further assist their integration into Australian society, NESB growers need to be kept informed of technical developments and, the implications for them of policy/legislative changes made by all three tiers of government. This could best be achieved by employing Bilingual Officers, fluent in both English and the major NESB grower group languages and, with a background in agriculture, to work with NESB farmers.

Publications Dang H. (2004) Advancing vegetable production of Vietnamese growers in NSW.Access to Asian Foods. March 2004
Dang H. (2004) Farming practices and production issues of Vietnamese growers in Sydney Basin. Presentation at RIRDC workshop. 8^th June 2004.
Dang H. (2005) Model farmer recycles water. Agriculture Today. March 31, 2005.
Dang H. (2006) Progress of Vietnamese vegetable growers in NSW. Access to Asian Foods. February, 2006.
Dang H. and Malcolm P. (2006) Improvement in production practices of Vietnamese growers in NSW. Presentation at RIRDC Asian Food Review Workshop, 27 March, 2006.

Objective 3: Improve crop productivity, sustainability and produce quality

Project Title: Technical Guidelines to Improve Supply Chains for ‘Winter’ Asian Vegetables from Northern Australia

RIRDC Project No.: CON-8A

Researcher: Mr Barry Lee

Organisation: Connectica International
PO Box 294
Gymea NSW 2227

Phone: 0418 230 393

Fax: 02 9545 2687

Email: barrywlee@ozemail.com.au

Objectives This project aims to provide growers, packers, consolidators, transporters and wholesalers in the supply chains with technical guidelines for the optimal handling and management practices for the distribution of Asian vegetables from the NT to southern States of Australia.

Background The Northern Territory supply chains are characterised by the involvement of multiple parties, numerous handlings and large periods of transportation. It is only at the end of this long supply chain that the market demand and outturn quality of the Asian vegetables determines the return to the grower. In comparison to other parts of Australia, the Asian vegetables industry in the NT has long supply chains and it may often take up to 10 days between harvest and delivery of the Asian vegetables to central markets. In many cases, the level of understanding for the handling and transport of Asian vegetables is not clear between the parties in the supply chains.

Research Research has been conducted to: ·1 Define supply chains not just physically, but also in terms of paperwork, transactions and communications systems.
·2 Assess risks and issues which potentially impact upon the quality of Asian vegetables in the supply chains.
·3 Define ‘quality control points’ throughout the supply chains.
·4 Develop technical guidelines to improve the consistency and continuity of quality in the supply chains.

Outcomes The research has identified over thirty quality control point issues in the NT Asian vegetables supply chain systems. These systems include processes relating to the physical produce, paperwork and documentation, transactions, and communications and information paths. As a result, technical guidelines have been developed in this report and have largely drawn upon existing systems and experience in industry.

Implications The implication is that future industry growth may be compromised if industry is unable to match demand with consistency and continuity of quality produce in its supply chains. The focus now needs to be upon industry communication to ensure implementation and improvement by all supply chain parties. The NT industry, researchers and policy makers have the opportunity to underpin the industry’s further growth with the focus upon the management of best practice systems throughout the supply chains.

Publications Lee, B. (1995). Audit of the Australian Asian Vegetable Industry. RIRDC Research paper No 95/13, RIRDC, Canberra
Lee, B. (1996). Australian Asian vegetables: An Assessment of Market Demand. RIRDC Research Paper No 96/7, RIRDC, Canberra.
Lee, B. (1999). Assessing the Prospects for Selected Australian Asian Vegetables Australia (10 case studies). RIRDC Publication R99/135, RIRDC, Canberra.

Project Title: Review of Asian Food projects to identify key messages and gaps in research

RIRDC Project No.: WMO-1A

Researcher: Dr W. Morgan, Mr Ralph Cadman, Mr Jonathan Eccles

Organisation: Dr W. Morgan
PO Box 2119
Parkdale Victoria 3194

Phone: 03 9587 6892

Email: wendymorgan2004@yahoo.com.au

Objectives The aim of this project was to review projects in the Asian Foods Program to:
·1 Identify key messages for use in communication products
·2 Identify gaps in research knowledge generated whilst addressing the particular issue/problem/opportunity
·3 Undertake an initial assessment of commercial uptake of results

Background From 1993 to 2005 the RIRDC Asian Foods Program has co-funded and managed projects worth more than $20 million. This investment and future investments by RIRDC continues to be justified by the success of the Asian food sector in terms of growth in sales volume and value. However, after 13 years of the Asian Foods Program’s R&D projects there are still components of the sector that are not using best practice and could improve. This includes aspects of Asian vegetable production, marketing and the retail and consumer knowledge area. There is considerable potential for the Asian food industry to grow and it is essential that the results from these projects are widely available and that consideration is given to identifying any missing research gaps in completed projects.

Research Forty final reports were reviewed and key communication messages were identified and followed up with each project principal researcher to assess industry uptake of results.

Outcomes The significant communication message for the Asian Foods Program is that projects must communicate their R&D findings widely across the entire supply chain. Repeating the same information for reinforcement is also required. The Asian Foods Program requires a Communication Strategy, and as 98% of the Program funding goes into Asian vegetable research, it is recommended that this strategy should integrate with the Australian Vegetable Industry Communication Strategy.

Implications This report has highlighted the communication gaps and the requirement for a communication strategy to be built into each project from the outset. It will assist the RIRDC Asian Foods managers and Advisory Committee in developing a focused investment program.

Objective 4: Foster development of new products, both fresh and semi processed

Project Title: Edamame soybean development in Australia

RIRDC Project No.: CSP-9A

Researcher: Andrew James

Organisation: CSIRO Division of Plant Industry
GPO Box 1600
Canberra ACT 2601

Phone: 07 3214 2278

Fax: 07 3214 2272

Email: Andrew.James@csiro.au

Objectives To develop a critical understanding of the ripening process in CSIRO-bred and elite Japanese varieties of edamame soybean, and in particular understand how changes in seed size and in the seed content of sugars vary with ripening or environment.

Background Development of edamame (vegetable soybean) in Australia has been trialled on a number of occasions. Production of the crop is currently small and beset by poor adaptation of current varieties, extreme difficultly in sourcing good quality planting seed and a poor understanding of the time of peak harvest maturity.

Research This project sought to better understand the quality attributes of edamame and to gain an understanding of the agronomic methods which might be used to maximise quality. Variety, irrigation frequency, plant population and timing of harvest all had major effects on quality

Outcomes This project has discovered that the Australian soybean variety Bunya is acceptable for the production of Edamame. That it should be grown at a plant population of around 5 to 10 plants per square metre and that excellent growing conditions are necessary to maximise quality. Harvesting can occur any time after seed has reached a size larger than 0.6 grams per seed but before any yellowing associated with seed maturity occurs. Edamame thus produced appears readily acceptable in both fresh and frozen form to Australian consumers and appears quite attractive to Japanese style restaurateurs.

Implications This project has shown that good quality edamame can indeed be produced in Australia via the use of an adapted cultivar and good agronomic conditions, and harvest at optimum time. The edamame thus produced appears to meet with ready acceptance from the market.

Publications Cui, Z., James, A.T., Miyazaki, S., Wilson, R.F., and Carter, T.E (2004) Breeding Specialty Soybeans for Traditional and New Soyfoods. Pp 264-322 In K. Liu (Ed) Soybeans as Functional Foods and Ingredients. AOCS Press
James, A.T. (2006) Soybean Glycine max variety ‘Bunya’. Plant Varieties Journal 19 (2), 81-85.
James, A.T. (2005). Edamame development in Australia, Proceedings VII World Soybean Research Conference (Brazil, 29 February-5 March, 2004) p 950-954.
James, A.T. (2004) Edamame. Pp 56-63 In The New Rural Industries. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra Australia.

Project Title: Development of Prunus mume, a new tree crop for Australia

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-298A

Researcher: Dr Bruce Topp, Judy Noller and Dougal Russell

Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries
Queensland Horticulture Institute
PO Box 5083 SCMC
Nambour Qld 4560

Phone: 07 54449687

Fax: 07 54412235

Email: bruce.topp@dpi.qld.gov.au

Objectives This project investigated market and agronomic aspects of mume production to assist in development of an Australian mume industry. The objectives were to:
(1) identify current domestic and export markets and determine attractiveness and competitiveness of Australian mume products on those markets; and
(2) study the adaptation, cropping and agronomy of mume under Australian.

Background Prunus mume commonly called mume or Japanese apricot is a stonefruit widely used in Asia in numerous processed foods, drinks and medicines but not grown commercially in Australia. This study investigated the domestic and international market opportunities for Australian grown and processed mume products and evaluated the agronomy of five mume cultivars.

Research As the main mume products - salty plum, umeboshi (Japanese pickle) and umeshu (Japanese plum wine) - are imported into Australia, this market study has investigated the domestic potential for import replacement and market development for these products, to determine the most likely markets for Australian mume products, the likelihood of Australian consumers switching from imported products to domestic product, and the domestic market requirements for these products produced and processing in Australia to determine which products an Australian industry should produce. Mume agronomy was studied by replicated and observational cultivar trials in sub-tropical and temperate locations. Five mume cultivars were evaluated in these trials.

Outcomes The research found an opportunity for umeshu in domestic and export markets and limited potential for umeboshi in domestic and Japanese markets. The cultivars Nankou and Bungo were identified as potential candidates for production in temperate regions and the cultivars Daching, Ellching and Ianjy were possible candidates for use in the sub-tropics.

Implications The best prospect for developing an Australian mume industry is via commercial collaboration between orchardists willing to trial mume production and Australian based manufacturers of umeshu who have supply outlets in Australia and Japan.

Publications Noller, J., 2004, Topp, B., Russell, D. Market opportunities for Prunus mume, Proceedings Australia New Crops Conference, September 2004 (Poster and Abstract), Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Cairns, Queensland Australia.

Project Title: Anti-cancer Potential of Asian Brassicas

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-307A

Researcher: Dr Tim O’Hare

Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
Queensland Horticulture Institute
Gatton Research Station
LMB 7, MS 437
MS437
Gatton Qld 4343

Phone: 07-5466 2257

Fax: 07-5466 2208

Email: Tim.O’Hare@dpi.qld.gov.au

Objectives To establish anti-cancer potential of Asian horticultural brassicaceous species (based on glucosinolate profile and potential ability to induce phase 2 detoxification enzymes) which could provide the basis of industry sales on health in addition to culinary issues (ie. flavour),

Background Consumption of brassica vegetables has been linked to reduced incidence of certain cancers. Part of this has been attributed to the presence of glucosinolates, that are found almost exclusively in the brassica family. There is increasing public interest in maintenance of health, and diet plays a major role in this area. Asian vegetables constitute a significant number of horticultural brassica species which could contribute to health maintenance. The emergence of a broccoli sprout industry in the United States based on health rather than culinary characteristics has shown that industry expansion may be achieved in this area.

Research Asian vegetable species belonging to the brassica family were assessed for glucosinolate composition and concentrations in seed, sprouts and mature vegetables and subsequent anti-cancer potential estimated. Promising species were tested for glucosinolate stability during domestic refrigeration. Effect of growing temperature, physiological stage of development, and cultivar effect were evaluated. Industry assessment of different species was conducted. Advice surrounding regulatory issues and health claims is provided.

Outcomes In general, sprouted seed had higher levels of glucosinolates than mature vegetables and consequently had greater anti-cancer potential. Asian vegetable spouts with most potential included daikon (radish), rocket and wasabi, along with ‘Western’ sprouts of broccoli, kohl rabi and kale. Most promising mature vegetables were rocket, daikon and wasabi. Daikon (radish) sprouts appeared to be the most marketable species based on consumer awareness, availability of seed, flavour, and growth habit. Current food regulations permit labelling terms such as ‘source of glucosinolate’, but not ‘rich source of glucosinolate’. Reference to a reduction in cancer incidence is not currently permitted.

Implications The most promising Asian vegetable in regard to anti-cancer potential are daikon (radish) sprouts. It is possible that they may have up to five times the potency of broccoli sprouts, which are currently marketed on perceived health benefits. Current regulations permit content claims, but not direct health claims, so consumer awareness at this stage will depend on general media.

Publications O’Hare, TJ, Wong LS and Irving DE, 2005. Asian and Western horticultural species of the brassica family with anti-cancer potential. Acta Horticulturae, 694: 457-462.
O’Hare, TJ, Wong LS, Force LE and Irving DE, 2008. Glucosinolate Composition and Anti-cancer Potential of Seed-sprouts from Horticultural Members of the Brassicaceae. Acta Horticulturae (in press).
O’Hare, TJ, Wong LS, Force LE and Irving DE, 2005. Glucosinolate Composition and Anti-cancer Potential of Seed-sprouts from Horticultural Members of the Brassicaceae. 5^th Annual Health and Medical Research Conference of Queensland (abstract).
Force LE, O’Hare, TJ, Wong LS and Irving, DE, 2007. Impact of cold storage on glucosinolate levels in seed-sprouts of broccoli, rocket, white radish and kohl-rabi. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 44: 175-178.

Asian foods - Research in progress

PROJECT
No PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION

Understanding consumer needs in both domestic and export markets

DAN-230A Improving the market access of Asian vegetables Dr Jenny Ekman (02) 4348 1900 NSW Department of Primary Industries

DAQ-342A Daikon, a promising anti-cancer vegetable Dr. Tim O'Hare (07) 5466 2257 Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)

Communication and collaboration with industry

DAQ-322A Taro industry development: the first step Mr Jeff Daniells (07) 4064 1129 Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)

DNT-31A Product description languages and support material for minor tropical crops in northern Australia Mr Geoff Walduck (08) 8999 2016 Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines (NT)

MIS-1A Access to Asian Foods Newsletter Mr Barry Lee 0418 230 393 Mistik Pty Ltd trading as B&M Lee Associates

Improve crop productivity, sustainability and produce quality

DAN-233J Integrated management strategies for diseases and pests of Asian vegetables Mr. Len Tesoriero (02) 4640 6428 NSW Department of Primary Industries

DAT-43A Increasing the production of Australian wasabi Ms. Angela Sparrow (03) 6336 5349 Dept of Primary Industries, Water and Environment (Tas)

Foster development of new products, both fresh and semi processed

DAQ-347A Commercialisation of Mume in Australia Mr. Bruce Topp (07) 5444 9687 Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)

Objective 1: Understanding consumer needs in both domestic and export markets

Project Title Improving the Market Access of Asian Vegetables

RIRDC Project No.: DAN-230A

Start Date: 01-Jul-2004

Finish Date: 31-Aug-2007

Researcher: Dr Jenny Ekman

Organisation: NSW Department of Primary Industries
Gosford Horticultural Institute
Locked Bag 26
Gosford NSW 2250

Phone: (02) 4348 1900

Fax: (02) 4348 1910

Email: jenny.ekman@agric.nsw.gov.au

Objectives ·1 To develop methods of marketing and promotion that can expand the market for Asian vegetables
·2 Provide information to retailers and wholesalers, especially with regard to a standardised nomenclature
·3 Develop and test a marketing strategy to provide consumers with information on how to prepare and cook Asian vegetables, their nutritional value, and what constitutes good quality in order to increase purchases of these products
·4 Build the potential for export of Australian grown Asian vegetables.

Current Progress Over the last 6 months we have run 14 cooking demonstrations in Harris Farm Market and IGA stores in locations as diverse as Blaxland, Leichhardt, Erina, Manly and St Ives. The demonstrators reported a high level of interest from store patrons.
Sales data was provided for the days of the demonstrations. Unfortunately as data was not provided for similar days before and after, it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions from this. Data was compared with weekly sales from the previous year over the same period. However, weekly variations were significant, and as it is not known what proportion of total sales normally occur on a Saturday or Sunday, the effect of the demonstrations on sales cannot be quantified. Further planned cooking demonstrations were not conducted for this reason.
An A1 poster has been designed and is currently being printed on plastic stock. Coles have agreed to put a copy of this in the "wet area" of each of their stores to help familiarise the staff with Asian vegetables. Copies will also be sent to seed companies, chemical companies, wholesale market agents who deal in Asian vegetables and other interested parties within the Asian vegetable supply chain.
Although Woolworths have a policy of not putting posters in their stores they are interested in putting the poster information and pictures on their website. This could be quite effective as the Woolworths website has a reputation of being well used by both suppliers and consumers.
An A4 poster with the vegetables and their names has been designed which would be suitable as point of sale material, and which Coles may be willing to put on displays. We are now seeking to determine whether this would be effective use of resources and determining the best way to take advantage of this opportunity.
A series of 6 focus groups have been run in different demographic areas in Sydney. Participants were segregated according to age and whether they had children still living at home. Initially, participants were not told what the focus group was about. Instead, they were questioned according to the ‘mind map’ shown on the following page, whereby the topic of Asian vegetables was introduced gradually. The results of these focus groups are now being assessed and summarised.
Approximately 6 questions relating to Asian vegetables are planned for inclusion in a National omnibus survey to be conducted in June this year. These will attempt to strengthen observations from the focus groups by extending generalisations to the wider community, although on an extremely limited scale.

Project Title Daikon, a promising anti-cancer vegetable

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-342A

Start Date: 01-Jul-2006

Finish Date: 30-May-2008

Researcher: Dr Tim O'Hare

Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
Queensland Horticulture Institute
Gatton Research Station
LMB 7, MS 437
MS437
Gatton Qld 4343

Phone: (07) 5466 2257

Fax: (07) 5466 2208

Email: tim.o'hare@dpi.qld.gov.au

Objectives Identify daikon and radish varieties with highest anti-cancer activity, following on from DAQ-307A which identified daikon and radish sprouts as having extremely high anti-cancer potential. Provide labelling advice in relation to the strongest possible claims that can be made.

Current Progress Daikon and radish were analysed at the seed and sprouted-seed stage to identify cultivars high in the anti-cancer glucosinolate, glucoraphenin. Of the cultivars tested, ‘Cherry Belle’ and ‘Black Spanish’ maintained highest levels of glucoraphenin. Levels were highest in seed, and decreased with increasing sprout age. Decline in concentration was largely due to dilution associated with cell expansion, and partly due to other mechanisms. Differences in the latter appear to have impact on anti-cancer potential.
Analysis of mature daikon and radish tissue (roots and shoots) indicated that the principal glucosinolate in roots of all cultivars was glucodehydroerucin, which is estimated to have one tenth the potency of glucoraphenin, the principal glucosinolate found in seeds and young sprouts. By contrast, the principal glucosinolates present in mature shoots were glucoraphanin and glucoraphenin, both potent anti-cancer agents. Shoots were estimated to have approximately 20 times the anti-cancer potential of roots.
A scientific paper was presented at the International Horticultural Congress in Seoul (Korea) in August 2006 entitled: "Glucosinolate Composition and Anti-Cancer Potential of Daikon and Radish sprouts". A poster presentation was made at the 6^th Annual Health and Medical Research Conference of Queensland (November, 2006).

Objective 2: Communication and collaboration with industry

Project Title Taro industry development: the first step

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-322A

Start Date: 01-Jul-2004

Finish Date: 30-Sep-2006

Researcher: Mr. Jeff Daniells

Organisation: Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)
Centre for Wet Tropics Agriculture
PO Box 20
South Johnstone Qld 4859

Phone: (07) 4064 1129

Fax: (07) 4064 2249

Email: jeff.daniells@dpi.qld.gov.au

Objectives ·1 Assist in the development of the Australian taro industry by:
·2 Survey/benchmarking of current industry practices/problems to provide a snapshot of the industry
·3 Provision of an information resource for the taro industry
·4 Unlocking taro industry workshops
·5 Field monitoring sites testing workshop recommendations
·6 Development of an Australian taro industry R&D strategic plan

Current Progress The project has been progressing well with the draft write-up of the industry survey completed. Discussion was held on the content and format of the industry workshops at the Taro Growers Australia (TGA) meeting in August 2006. It was agreed by the growers that the number of workshops should be reduced.
A combination workshop on pests and diseases was held on 10 November 2006 at South Johnstone which was attended by 15 growers. Tony Clark and Amy Carmichael from QUT who head up the ACIAR TaroPest project were guest speakers. Feedback from growers was very positive.
The issue of weed control had been well covered by a TGA field day held at John Doyle and Rod Hourston's property on 29 January 2005. Growers were more interested in further information about harvesting and washing/cleaning machinery so a field trip was organized to the Atherton Tablelands on 8 September 2006. The group visited NorthQual - one of the largest potato packing sheds on the Tablelands; Serra Farms whose operations include specialty potatoes and yam bean; followed by 2 sweet potato growers. Growers came away from the day with some very useful ideas to pursue on their properties.
The project team has also been assisting the TGA with quarantine information and data. The TGA recognizes biosecurity as a major issue.
A Taro Crop Nutrition workshop was held on 20 April 2007, again attended by 15 growers. The project team is currently organizing the R&D strategic planning event which will be followed by final writing up of the project..

Project Title Product description languages and support material for minor tropical crops in northern Australia

RIRDC Project No.: DNT-31A

Start Date: 01-Jul-2003

Finish Date: 30-Jan-2008

Researcher: Mr Geoff Walduck

Organisation: Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines (NT)
PO Box 3000
Darwin NT 0801

Phone: (08) 8999 2016

Fax: (08) 8999 2049

Email: geoff.walduck@nt.gov.au

Objectives ·1 Production of Product Description Languages (PDL) for a range of smaller emerging and developing tropical crops in a range of appropriate flexible and inexpensive formats.
·2 Production of PDL’s to be in partnership with all parts of the production / transport / distribution / retail and consumer chain.
·3 Produce PDL’s in electronic format so that they can be customized and modified easily to meet constantly changing market and production conditions. This also allows a range of very short run hard copy formats to be produced at little cost to meet specific requirements as required.
·4 Develop a System of Developing PDL’s for a range of related or geographically compact small crops so that PDL’s can be produced quickly, inexpensively and be flexible enough to assist the industry to develop in the market place at an earlier stage than is usual at the moment.
·5 Improve the flow and accuracy of product information flow within and along the market chain.
·6 Promote more efficient operation of the market chain by improving both the accuracy and the speed of information flow in both directions.
·7 Improve quality of produce and lead to commercial quality standards as required.
·8 Enables the possibility of sale by description and e-commerce.

Current Progress PDL’s have been prepared and are available as working drafts to industry for assessment as both electronic and printed format.
These are –
Heliconia [3] – Claw , Psitocorum,Yellow
Tahitian Limes [1]
Pitaya White [1]
Snake Bean [1]
Okra [1]
After considerable experiment with a range of formats and systems we decided to use Microsoft Word as it is simple, commonly available and does the job required. The finished product is available in electronic version as a Word document or in PDF format depending on the use. It can be easily printed on any colour printer.
There was a series of delays and setbacks in 2006 but these have been addressed and the completion date of the project extended to the end of 2007.

Project Title Access to Asian Foods Newsletter

RIRDC Project No.: MIS-1A

Start Date: 01-Aug-2006

Finish Date: 31-Jul-2007

Researcher: Barry W Lee
PO Box 294
Gymea NSW 2227

Organisation: Mistik Pty Ltd trading as B&M Lee Associates

Phone: 0418 230 393

Fax: (02) 95452687

Email: barrywlee@ozemail.com.au

Objectives Produce (write, edit) a national newsletter for effective communication, networking and transfer of information in the Australian Asian vegetable/ food industry.

Current Progress All 2 page Word English language newsletters for September, October, November, February, March, April and May were completed, printed and distributed.
Additional special edition May newsletter has been produced for the National Vegetables Industry Conference.
Future research conferences for HACCP and Post-Harvest processing shall occur at the Gold Coast and Terrigal during September and October 2007, which will provide material relevant to Asian vegetables and future articles.
Other international markets and products trade shows is being reviewed for material relevant to the Australian Asian vegetables industry.

Objective 3: Improve crop productivity, sustainability and produce quality

Project Title Integrated management strategies for diseases and pests of Asian vegetables

RIRDC Project No.: DAN-233J

Start Date: 01-Jul-2004

Finish Date: 31-May-2008

Researcher: NSW DPIMr. Len Tesoriero, Dr Victor Rajakulendran;
Victroian DPI: Mr Rob Dimsey, Ms Livinia Zirnsak, Mr Slobidan Vujovic

Organisation: NSW Department of Primary Industries
PMB 8
Camden, NSW, 2570

Phone: (02) 4640 6428

Fax: (02) 4640 6300

Email: len.tesoriero@agric.nsw.gov.au

Objectives ·1 Identify the important diseases and pests causing losses of Asian vegetables in the major production regions across Australia
·2 Develop and evaluate effective disease and pest scouting/monitoring and integrated management strategies with growers that range from traditional market garden, broad acre and high value intensive production.
·3 Facilitate adoption of sustainable disease and pest management strategies for Non English Speaking Background (NESB) growers in NSW and Victoria (with extension activities linking to other states and territories).

Current Progress The project has focused to date upon surveying Asian vegetable crops to determine the most important pests and diseases and validating IPM systems in on-farm replicated trials and demonstration plots. Laboratory diagnoses and pathogenicity tests have determined the significant soil pathogens causing root rot diseases of leafy vegetables. Further greenhouse trials have tested efficacy of biological and chemical management options.
What communication strategies have we used to date?
(i) Demonstration plots & replicated trials
These have been used more to develop and validate different strategies and activities for IPM to work successfully on-farm. They include refining practices such as scouting, quantitative pest, disease and beneficial assessments, and determining spray thresholds. Direct communication with growers and comparison of spray records has confirmed the benefits of IPM under low pest pressure.
(ii) Field Days, Grower Seminars & Farm Walks
These have been used to cover topical issues and in some cases to target specific ethnic groups of growers (in which case we have had a translator present). We have collaborated with other researchers where possible to optimise the audience size and venue costs. For instance, we have hosted researchers to present their findings to growers on Club Root, Thrips/TSWV, Brassica pests, White Blister and Downy Mildew.
Grower field walks have been held in the Sydney Basin, Brisbane and Darwin aimed to assist with pest and disease recognition and to point out ways to improve cultural management and infrastructure.
(iii) Study Tours
Vietnamese growers in Victoria have visited Sydney and Adelaide to see both production and marketing sites and to identify areas where they can adapt or change their management of pests and diseases.
(iv) Short Training Courses & Workshops
Growers have been encouraged to attend farm chemical training and food safety courses as well as half-day workshops on IPM. A short course on disease recognition and management was also conducted as a follow-up to a farm walk.
(v) Newsletter Articles
A number of articles have appeared in ‘Access to Asian Foods’.
What else have we planned?
A number of publications are in the process of being written. These include:
·1 A 4-page brochure showing types of damage, key pests and beneficials, scouting methods, and control strategies for Baby-leaf Asian vegetables.
·2 Disease and pest fact-sheets (with colour photographs) and translations into Chinese and Vietnamese. These will include key features for recognition and management information.
·3 A poster of the diseases of leafy Brassicas with translations into Chinese and Vietnamese.
We will continue to use the previously mentioned strategies and will hold field days around promising trial results. In Sydney, we will need to carefully plan the venue for these field days as we have previously had communication problems where plots have been harvested before we’ve had a chance to have other growers look at the results.
We are also scoping a video to capture the essential components for crop monitoring and we may be able to incorporate footage of positive trial results to reach growers that may not be able to attend field days.
What are the key messages from the project?
This project is just approaching the three-quarter mark in its progress and we have succeeded in the following areas:
·1 We have identified the key pests and diseases affecting Asian vegetables in all the major production areas of Australia.
·2 We have developed scouting and monitoring strategies for pests and diseases of several types of Asian vegetables under different production systems (field beds, trellised crops, hydroponic and bagged media crops). We have established arbitrary spray thresholds for certain pests on leafy Brassicas.
·3 We have demonstrated that the IPM approach can reduce pesticide usage while maintaining product quality in leafy Brassicas under low pest pressure.
What are the knowledge gaps that we have identified?
There are some key pests and diseases for which we have no current solutions (either IPM-based or with conventional chemistry). In some cases, we will be working on these issues and may find solutions by the completion of this project, whereas others will require further research or we may need to adapt research findings from other projects. For instance, pests such as thrips, rutherglen bugs and leaf-miners are difficult to control at present. Similarly, club root and downy mildew have become a bigger problem in the Sydney Basin in the last year. Turnip mosaic virus and white leaf spot are causing sporadic problems and we do not know enough about their biology to make improvements to existing recommendations.
Commercial partners & commercial uptake?
In Victoria, local agronomists and crop scouts are using pest and disease monitoring strategies developed in this project for baby-leaf Asian vegetables. In NSW we have collaborated with several companies in trials to test the efficacy of chemicals and microbial biocontrols for soil-borne diseases of leafy Brassicas, spinach and cucurbits. Data is being generated to support applications for registration.

Project Title Increasing the production of Australian wasabi

RIRDC Project No.: DAT-43A

Start Date: 09-Jan-2006

Finish Date: 21-Dec-2007

Researcher: Ms Angela Sparrow

Organisation: Tasmania Department of Primary Industries & Water
Vegetables and Associated Industries Branch
PO Box 46
Kings Meadows Tas 7249

Phone: (03) 6336 5349

Fax: (03) 6344 9814

Email: angela.sparrow@dpiwe.tas.gov.au

Objectives · Develop the capacity of an Australian laboratory to produce commercial quantities of tissue-cultured wasabi planting stock.
· Improve product quality through disease management and additional varieties.
· Build the networking capacity of the wasabi grower group

Current Progress The first two commercial crops of wasabi using tissue-cultured stock produced in Australia will be planted in June 2007. The development of tissue-culture protocols in Australia specifically for wasabi will reduce the reliance on imported stock and expands the range of species produced by the Australian laboratory. Imported stock will continue to play a vital role in introducing new genetic stock for Australian wasabi crops.
Field trials growing wasabi in both soil and water mediums are being conducted over the 2-year growth cycle of the crop. Comparative growth data for each of 10 varietal lines is being collected at 3-monthly intervals for the duration of the project. Growth data is being collected for a second trial that examines the effect of a range of fungicide treatments designed to reduce the incidence of disease through protective chemicals applied pre-planting and when infection pressure is high. Both trials are on target for completion by September 2007.
The wasabi grower group has continued to grow with 10 sites now under production in Tasmania and one in Victoria. Meetings arranged both as a function of this project and independently by members of the grower group have cultivated active communication within the group.

Objective 4: Foster development of new products, both fresh and semi processed

Project Title Commercialisation of Mume in Australia

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-347A

Start Date: 30 May 2007

Finish Date: 30 Dec 2010

Researcher: Bruce Topp

Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries
Queensland Horticulture Institute
PO Box 5083 SCMC
Nambour Qld 4560

Phone: 07 5444 9687

Fax: 07 5441 2235

Email: bruce.topp@dpi.qld.gov.au

Objectives a) Collect and analyse data from two statistical mume varietal field trials and recommend suitable varieties for temperate and subtropical production.
b) Facilitate the plantation of commercial mume orchards and development of linkages between growers and manufacturers of mume-based products.

Current Progress Trial trees at the Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries’ research stations at Nambour and Stanthorpe have grown well and are expected to produce their first commercial crops during the 2007-2008 season. Contracts for this new project were signed off in May 2007.

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Asian Foods - Completed projects
PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION

CON-8A	Technical Guidelines to Improve Supply Chains for ‘Winter’ Asian Vegetables from Northern Australia	Mr Barry Lee	0418 230 393	Connectica International
WMO-1A	Review of Asian Food projects to identify key messages and gaps in research	Dr Wendy Morgan	(03) 9587 6892

CSP-9A	Edamame soybean development in Australia	Mr. Andrew James	(07) 3214 2278	CSIRO Plant Industry
DAQ-298A	Development of Prunus mume, a new tree crop for Australia	Dr. Bruce Topp	(07) 5441 2211		Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)
DAQ-307A	Anti-cancer Potential of Asian Brassicas	Dr. Tim O'Hare	(07) 5466 2257		Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)

Project Title:	Health-promoting, plant-based products identified through traditional Chinese knowledge
RIRDC Project No.:	DAV-227A
Researcher:	Graeme Thomson
Organisation:	Victoria Department of Primary Industries Primary Industries Research Victoria - Knoxfield Private Bag 15 Ferntree Gully DC Vic 3156
Phone:	03 9210 9222
Fax:	03 9800 3521
Email:	graeme.thomson@dpi.vic.gov.au
Objectives	The project conducted a comprehensive, up-to-date literature review that critically examined the health benefits to consumers of plant products used in traditional Chinese medicine. The emphasis was on plant products with the potential to bring significant benefits to sufferers of chronic diseases in Australia (eg. cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, dementia).
Background	Plants have always been a source of medicine and a major resource for human health care. Chinese traditional medicine has documented the use of botanicals for over 2,000 years. Natural products and mainly plants (greater than 80%) are the basis of traditional Chinese medicine. About 500 species are commonly prescribed by Chinese medical practitioners but up to 2,000 plants have a history of recorded use. Ethnopharmacological data is viewed by researchers as an increasingly relevant and important source of new medicinal products. Chinese medicinal herbals make up a large proportion of the over US$15 billion annual worldwide sales of natural medicines.
Research	The study considered around 500 Asian medicinal plant species and directly reviewed and documented information on over 400 with links to some of Australia’s chronic diseases. Ninety-eight percent of these were higher plants. Over 3,500 scientific reference items were reviewed and over 1,000 of these were directly referenced in species summaries. There were more species associated with anticancer effects than any other chronic disease, suggesting that if Asian medicinal species are to make new impacts on human health in Australia, there is a strong chance that this will be as anticancer agents.
Outputs	Conclusive positive human results from randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled experiments were only available for a limited number of crops. Garlic (Allium sativum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), green tea (Camellia sinensis), ginseng (Panax ginseng), Astragalus membranaceus and Ginkgo biloba are existing Australian commercial crops that are important Chinese medicinal plants with strong support from medical efficacy trials. Other species backed by good data could be potential ‘new’ commercial crops. These include Apocynum venetum (hypertension, cholesterol), Codonopsis pilosula (dementia), Fallopia multiflora (cholesterol, dementia), Huperzia serrata (dementia), Lycium barbarum (cardiovascular, cholesterol, diabetes, cancer), Lycium chinense (liver), Stephania tetrandra (cardiovascular, arthritis) and Trichosanthes kirilowii (cancer, HIV, inflammation, cardiovascular, osteoarthritis). At least seventeen species of ‘Asian’ medicinal plants are also Australian indigenous species. Of these, Bacopa monnieri, Brucea javanica, Centella asiatica, Cuscuta chinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Oenanthe javanica and Orthosiphon aristatus have either associated efficacy data or warrant on-going investigation whether this be as an ‘Asian medicinal plant’ or ‘Australian bush-food’.
Implications	There should be opportunities to examine the agronomy of two or three potential new medicinal plant species in new projects.

Project Title:	Improved Economic Sustainability of Vietnamese Vegetable Growers in the Sydney Basin
RIRDC Project No.:	DAN-211A
Researcher:	Peter Malcolm
Organisation:	NSW Department of Primary Industries Agriculture & Fisheries Branch Intensive Industries Dev Horticutural Services Richmond NSW 2753
Phone:	02 45882105
Fax:	02 45882159
Email:	peter.malcolm@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	To assess the portability of the Bilingual Extension Model demonstrated in the Northern Territory by Morgan [Morgan W. (2003)], which assisted Asian growers from Non English Speaking Background (NESB) to adopt better vegetable growing practices.
Background	An earlier study [Morgan W. (2003) RIRDC Publication –No. 12/168] demonstrated that the use of a Bilingual Communications Officer in the Northern Territory assisted in improving the adoption by Vietnamese NESB vegetable growers of better vegetable growing practices.
Research	Following the appointment of a Bilingual Vietnamese/English speaking Communications Officer to work with Vietnamese growers near Sydney, an initial survey was conducted to determine their vegetable growing practices. After three years of one to one contact and formal training with the Bilingual Communications Officer, a follow up survey was conducted to determine changes in knowledge and farming practices that had occurred over the project’s duration.
Outcomes	This project proved to be extremely popular with all stakeholders and was successful in assisting Vietnamese speaking growers to start adopting best farming practices. It has shown that positive results can be obtained by identifying grower needs and issues and, by the employment of a Bilingual Officer working closely with growers, to resolve identified issues in a bottom up process. The Bilingual Extension Model has not only been useful in solving some of the immediate problems of growers, but also in delivering social and educational outcomes that might not have been possible using other extension methods.
Implications	In the interests of equity and to further assist their integration into Australian society, NESB growers need to be kept informed of technical developments and, the implications for them of policy/legislative changes made by all three tiers of government. This could best be achieved by employing Bilingual Officers, fluent in both English and the major NESB grower group languages and, with a background in agriculture, to work with NESB farmers.
Publications	Dang H. (2004) Advancing vegetable production of Vietnamese growers in NSW.Access to Asian Foods. March 2004 Dang H. (2004) Farming practices and production issues of Vietnamese growers in Sydney Basin. Presentation at RIRDC workshop. 8^th June 2004. Dang H. (2005) Model farmer recycles water. Agriculture Today. March 31, 2005. Dang H. (2006) Progress of Vietnamese vegetable growers in NSW. Access to Asian Foods. February, 2006. Dang H. and Malcolm P. (2006) Improvement in production practices of Vietnamese growers in NSW. Presentation at RIRDC Asian Food Review Workshop, 27 March, 2006.

Project Title:	Technical Guidelines to Improve Supply Chains for ‘Winter’ Asian Vegetables from Northern Australia
RIRDC Project No.:	CON-8A
Researcher:	Mr Barry Lee
Organisation:	Connectica International PO Box 294 Gymea NSW 2227
Phone:	0418 230 393
Fax:	02 9545 2687
Email:	barrywlee@ozemail.com.au
Objectives	This project aims to provide growers, packers, consolidators, transporters and wholesalers in the supply chains with technical guidelines for the optimal handling and management practices for the distribution of Asian vegetables from the NT to southern States of Australia.
Background	The Northern Territory supply chains are characterised by the involvement of multiple parties, numerous handlings and large periods of transportation. It is only at the end of this long supply chain that the market demand and outturn quality of the Asian vegetables determines the return to the grower. In comparison to other parts of Australia, the Asian vegetables industry in the NT has long supply chains and it may often take up to 10 days between harvest and delivery of the Asian vegetables to central markets. In many cases, the level of understanding for the handling and transport of Asian vegetables is not clear between the parties in the supply chains.
Research	Research has been conducted to: ·1 Define supply chains not just physically, but also in terms of paperwork, transactions and communications systems. ·2 Assess risks and issues which potentially impact upon the quality of Asian vegetables in the supply chains. ·3 Define ‘quality control points’ throughout the supply chains. ·4 Develop technical guidelines to improve the consistency and continuity of quality in the supply chains.
Outcomes	The research has identified over thirty quality control point issues in the NT Asian vegetables supply chain systems. These systems include processes relating to the physical produce, paperwork and documentation, transactions, and communications and information paths. As a result, technical guidelines have been developed in this report and have largely drawn upon existing systems and experience in industry.
Implications	The implication is that future industry growth may be compromised if industry is unable to match demand with consistency and continuity of quality produce in its supply chains. The focus now needs to be upon industry communication to ensure implementation and improvement by all supply chain parties. The NT industry, researchers and policy makers have the opportunity to underpin the industry’s further growth with the focus upon the management of best practice systems throughout the supply chains.
Publications	Lee, B. (1995). Audit of the Australian Asian Vegetable Industry. RIRDC Research paper No 95/13, RIRDC, Canberra Lee, B. (1996). Australian Asian vegetables: An Assessment of Market Demand. RIRDC Research Paper No 96/7, RIRDC, Canberra. Lee, B. (1999). Assessing the Prospects for Selected Australian Asian Vegetables Australia (10 case studies). RIRDC Publication R99/135, RIRDC, Canberra.

Project Title:	Review of Asian Food projects to identify key messages and gaps in research
RIRDC Project No.:	WMO-1A
Researcher:	Dr W. Morgan, Mr Ralph Cadman, Mr Jonathan Eccles
Organisation:	Dr W. Morgan PO Box 2119 Parkdale Victoria 3194
Phone:	03 9587 6892
Email:	wendymorgan2004@yahoo.com.au
Objectives	The aim of this project was to review projects in the Asian Foods Program to: ·1 Identify key messages for use in communication products ·2 Identify gaps in research knowledge generated whilst addressing the particular issue/problem/opportunity ·3 Undertake an initial assessment of commercial uptake of results
Background	From 1993 to 2005 the RIRDC Asian Foods Program has co-funded and managed projects worth more than $20 million. This investment and future investments by RIRDC continues to be justified by the success of the Asian food sector in terms of growth in sales volume and value. However, after 13 years of the Asian Foods Program’s R&D projects there are still components of the sector that are not using best practice and could improve. This includes aspects of Asian vegetable production, marketing and the retail and consumer knowledge area. There is considerable potential for the Asian food industry to grow and it is essential that the results from these projects are widely available and that consideration is given to identifying any missing research gaps in completed projects.
Research	Forty final reports were reviewed and key communication messages were identified and followed up with each project principal researcher to assess industry uptake of results.
Outcomes	The significant communication message for the Asian Foods Program is that projects must communicate their R&D findings widely across the entire supply chain. Repeating the same information for reinforcement is also required. The Asian Foods Program requires a Communication Strategy, and as 98% of the Program funding goes into Asian vegetable research, it is recommended that this strategy should integrate with the Australian Vegetable Industry Communication Strategy.
Implications	This report has highlighted the communication gaps and the requirement for a communication strategy to be built into each project from the outset. It will assist the RIRDC Asian Foods managers and Advisory Committee in developing a focused investment program.

Project Title:	Edamame soybean development in Australia
RIRDC Project No.:	CSP-9A
Researcher:	Andrew James
Organisation:	CSIRO Division of Plant Industry GPO Box 1600 Canberra ACT 2601
Phone:	07 3214 2278
Fax:	07 3214 2272
Email:	Andrew.James@csiro.au
Objectives	To develop a critical understanding of the ripening process in CSIRO-bred and elite Japanese varieties of edamame soybean, and in particular understand how changes in seed size and in the seed content of sugars vary with ripening or environment.
Background	Development of edamame (vegetable soybean) in Australia has been trialled on a number of occasions. Production of the crop is currently small and beset by poor adaptation of current varieties, extreme difficultly in sourcing good quality planting seed and a poor understanding of the time of peak harvest maturity.
Research	This project sought to better understand the quality attributes of edamame and to gain an understanding of the agronomic methods which might be used to maximise quality. Variety, irrigation frequency, plant population and timing of harvest all had major effects on quality
Outcomes	This project has discovered that the Australian soybean variety Bunya is acceptable for the production of Edamame. That it should be grown at a plant population of around 5 to 10 plants per square metre and that excellent growing conditions are necessary to maximise quality. Harvesting can occur any time after seed has reached a size larger than 0.6 grams per seed but before any yellowing associated with seed maturity occurs. Edamame thus produced appears readily acceptable in both fresh and frozen form to Australian consumers and appears quite attractive to Japanese style restaurateurs.
Implications	This project has shown that good quality edamame can indeed be produced in Australia via the use of an adapted cultivar and good agronomic conditions, and harvest at optimum time. The edamame thus produced appears to meet with ready acceptance from the market.
Publications	Cui, Z., James, A.T., Miyazaki, S., Wilson, R.F., and Carter, T.E (2004) Breeding Specialty Soybeans for Traditional and New Soyfoods. Pp 264-322 In K. Liu (Ed) Soybeans as Functional Foods and Ingredients. AOCS Press James, A.T. (2006) Soybean Glycine max variety ‘Bunya’. Plant Varieties Journal 19 (2), 81-85. James, A.T. (2005). Edamame development in Australia, Proceedings VII World Soybean Research Conference (Brazil, 29 February-5 March, 2004) p 950-954. James, A.T. (2004) Edamame. Pp 56-63 In The New Rural Industries. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra Australia.

Project Title:	Development of Prunus mume, a new tree crop for Australia
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-298A
Researcher:	Dr Bruce Topp, Judy Noller and Dougal Russell
Organisation:	Queensland Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Queensland Horticulture Institute PO Box 5083 SCMC Nambour Qld 4560
Phone:	07 54449687
Fax:	07 54412235
Email:	bruce.topp@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	This project investigated market and agronomic aspects of mume production to assist in development of an Australian mume industry. The objectives were to: (1) identify current domestic and export markets and determine attractiveness and competitiveness of Australian mume products on those markets; and (2) study the adaptation, cropping and agronomy of mume under Australian.
Background	Prunus mume commonly called mume or Japanese apricot is a stonefruit widely used in Asia in numerous processed foods, drinks and medicines but not grown commercially in Australia. This study investigated the domestic and international market opportunities for Australian grown and processed mume products and evaluated the agronomy of five mume cultivars.
Research	As the main mume products - salty plum, umeboshi (Japanese pickle) and umeshu (Japanese plum wine) - are imported into Australia, this market study has investigated the domestic potential for import replacement and market development for these products, to determine the most likely markets for Australian mume products, the likelihood of Australian consumers switching from imported products to domestic product, and the domestic market requirements for these products produced and processing in Australia to determine which products an Australian industry should produce. Mume agronomy was studied by replicated and observational cultivar trials in sub-tropical and temperate locations. Five mume cultivars were evaluated in these trials.
Outcomes	The research found an opportunity for umeshu in domestic and export markets and limited potential for umeboshi in domestic and Japanese markets. The cultivars Nankou and Bungo were identified as potential candidates for production in temperate regions and the cultivars Daching, Ellching and Ianjy were possible candidates for use in the sub-tropics.
Implications	The best prospect for developing an Australian mume industry is via commercial collaboration between orchardists willing to trial mume production and Australian based manufacturers of umeshu who have supply outlets in Australia and Japan.
Publications	Noller, J., 2004, Topp, B., Russell, D. Market opportunities for Prunus mume, Proceedings Australia New Crops Conference, September 2004 (Poster and Abstract), Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Cairns, Queensland Australia.

Project Title:	Anti-cancer Potential of Asian Brassicas
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-307A
Researcher:	Dr Tim O’Hare
Organisation:	Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries Queensland Horticulture Institute Gatton Research Station LMB 7, MS 437 MS437 Gatton Qld 4343
Phone:	07-5466 2257
Fax:	07-5466 2208
Email:	Tim.O’Hare@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	To establish anti-cancer potential of Asian horticultural brassicaceous species (based on glucosinolate profile and potential ability to induce phase 2 detoxification enzymes) which could provide the basis of industry sales on health in addition to culinary issues (ie. flavour),
Background	Consumption of brassica vegetables has been linked to reduced incidence of certain cancers. Part of this has been attributed to the presence of glucosinolates, that are found almost exclusively in the brassica family. There is increasing public interest in maintenance of health, and diet plays a major role in this area. Asian vegetables constitute a significant number of horticultural brassica species which could contribute to health maintenance. The emergence of a broccoli sprout industry in the United States based on health rather than culinary characteristics has shown that industry expansion may be achieved in this area.
Research	Asian vegetable species belonging to the brassica family were assessed for glucosinolate composition and concentrations in seed, sprouts and mature vegetables and subsequent anti-cancer potential estimated. Promising species were tested for glucosinolate stability during domestic refrigeration. Effect of growing temperature, physiological stage of development, and cultivar effect were evaluated. Industry assessment of different species was conducted. Advice surrounding regulatory issues and health claims is provided.
Outcomes	In general, sprouted seed had higher levels of glucosinolates than mature vegetables and consequently had greater anti-cancer potential. Asian vegetable spouts with most potential included daikon (radish), rocket and wasabi, along with ‘Western’ sprouts of broccoli, kohl rabi and kale. Most promising mature vegetables were rocket, daikon and wasabi. Daikon (radish) sprouts appeared to be the most marketable species based on consumer awareness, availability of seed, flavour, and growth habit. Current food regulations permit labelling terms such as ‘source of glucosinolate’, but not ‘rich source of glucosinolate’. Reference to a reduction in cancer incidence is not currently permitted.
Implications	The most promising Asian vegetable in regard to anti-cancer potential are daikon (radish) sprouts. It is possible that they may have up to five times the potency of broccoli sprouts, which are currently marketed on perceived health benefits. Current regulations permit content claims, but not direct health claims, so consumer awareness at this stage will depend on general media.
Publications	O’Hare, TJ, Wong LS and Irving DE, 2005. Asian and Western horticultural species of the brassica family with anti-cancer potential. Acta Horticulturae, 694: 457-462. O’Hare, TJ, Wong LS, Force LE and Irving DE, 2008. Glucosinolate Composition and Anti-cancer Potential of Seed-sprouts from Horticultural Members of the Brassicaceae. Acta Horticulturae (in press). O’Hare, TJ, Wong LS, Force LE and Irving DE, 2005. Glucosinolate Composition and Anti-cancer Potential of Seed-sprouts from Horticultural Members of the Brassicaceae. 5^th Annual Health and Medical Research Conference of Queensland (abstract). Force LE, O’Hare, TJ, Wong LS and Irving, DE, 2007. Impact of cold storage on glucosinolate levels in seed-sprouts of broccoli, rocket, white radish and kohl-rabi. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 44: 175-178.

Asian foods - Research in progress
PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE	RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION

DAN-230A	Improving the market access of Asian vegetables	Dr Jenny Ekman	(02) 4348 1900	NSW Department of Primary Industries
DAQ-342A	Daikon, a promising anti-cancer vegetable	Dr. Tim O'Hare	(07) 5466 2257	Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)

DAQ-322A	Taro industry development: the first step	Mr Jeff Daniells	(07) 4064 1129	Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld)
DNT-31A	Product description languages and support material for minor tropical crops in northern Australia	Mr Geoff Walduck	(08) 8999 2016	Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines (NT)
MIS-1A	Access to Asian Foods Newsletter	Mr Barry Lee	0418 230 393	Mistik Pty Ltd trading as B&M Lee Associates

DAN-233J	Integrated management strategies for diseases and pests of Asian vegetables	Mr. Len Tesoriero	(02) 4640 6428	NSW Department of Primary Industries
DAT-43A	Increasing the production of Australian wasabi	Ms. Angela Sparrow	(03) 6336 5349	Dept of Primary Industries, Water and Environment (Tas)

Project Title	Improving the Market Access of Asian Vegetables
RIRDC Project No.:	DAN-230A
Start Date:	01-Jul-2004
Finish Date:	31-Aug-2007
Researcher:	Dr Jenny Ekman
Organisation:	NSW Department of Primary Industries Gosford Horticultural Institute Locked Bag 26 Gosford NSW 2250
Phone:	(02) 4348 1900
Fax:	(02) 4348 1910
Email:	jenny.ekman@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	·1 To develop methods of marketing and promotion that can expand the market for Asian vegetables ·2 Provide information to retailers and wholesalers, especially with regard to a standardised nomenclature ·3 Develop and test a marketing strategy to provide consumers with information on how to prepare and cook Asian vegetables, their nutritional value, and what constitutes good quality in order to increase purchases of these products ·4 Build the potential for export of Australian grown Asian vegetables.
Current Progress	Over the last 6 months we have run 14 cooking demonstrations in Harris Farm Market and IGA stores in locations as diverse as Blaxland, Leichhardt, Erina, Manly and St Ives. The demonstrators reported a high level of interest from store patrons. Sales data was provided for the days of the demonstrations. Unfortunately as data was not provided for similar days before and after, it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions from this. Data was compared with weekly sales from the previous year over the same period. However, weekly variations were significant, and as it is not known what proportion of total sales normally occur on a Saturday or Sunday, the effect of the demonstrations on sales cannot be quantified. Further planned cooking demonstrations were not conducted for this reason. An A1 poster has been designed and is currently being printed on plastic stock. Coles have agreed to put a copy of this in the "wet area" of each of their stores to help familiarise the staff with Asian vegetables. Copies will also be sent to seed companies, chemical companies, wholesale market agents who deal in Asian vegetables and other interested parties within the Asian vegetable supply chain. Although Woolworths have a policy of not putting posters in their stores they are interested in putting the poster information and pictures on their website. This could be quite effective as the Woolworths website has a reputation of being well used by both suppliers and consumers. An A4 poster with the vegetables and their names has been designed which would be suitable as point of sale material, and which Coles may be willing to put on displays. We are now seeking to determine whether this would be effective use of resources and determining the best way to take advantage of this opportunity. A series of 6 focus groups have been run in different demographic areas in Sydney. Participants were segregated according to age and whether they had children still living at home. Initially, participants were not told what the focus group was about. Instead, they were questioned according to the ‘mind map’ shown on the following page, whereby the topic of Asian vegetables was introduced gradually. The results of these focus groups are now being assessed and summarised. Approximately 6 questions relating to Asian vegetables are planned for inclusion in a National omnibus survey to be conducted in June this year. These will attempt to strengthen observations from the focus groups by extending generalisations to the wider community, although on an extremely limited scale.

Project Title	Daikon, a promising anti-cancer vegetable
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-342A
Start Date:	01-Jul-2006
Finish Date:	30-May-2008
Researcher:	Dr Tim O'Hare
Organisation:	Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries Queensland Horticulture Institute Gatton Research Station LMB 7, MS 437 MS437 Gatton Qld 4343
Phone:	(07) 5466 2257
Fax:	(07) 5466 2208
Email:	tim.o'hare@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	Identify daikon and radish varieties with highest anti-cancer activity, following on from DAQ-307A which identified daikon and radish sprouts as having extremely high anti-cancer potential. Provide labelling advice in relation to the strongest possible claims that can be made.
Current Progress	Daikon and radish were analysed at the seed and sprouted-seed stage to identify cultivars high in the anti-cancer glucosinolate, glucoraphenin. Of the cultivars tested, ‘Cherry Belle’ and ‘Black Spanish’ maintained highest levels of glucoraphenin. Levels were highest in seed, and decreased with increasing sprout age. Decline in concentration was largely due to dilution associated with cell expansion, and partly due to other mechanisms. Differences in the latter appear to have impact on anti-cancer potential. Analysis of mature daikon and radish tissue (roots and shoots) indicated that the principal glucosinolate in roots of all cultivars was glucodehydroerucin, which is estimated to have one tenth the potency of glucoraphenin, the principal glucosinolate found in seeds and young sprouts. By contrast, the principal glucosinolates present in mature shoots were glucoraphanin and glucoraphenin, both potent anti-cancer agents. Shoots were estimated to have approximately 20 times the anti-cancer potential of roots. A scientific paper was presented at the International Horticultural Congress in Seoul (Korea) in August 2006 entitled: "Glucosinolate Composition and Anti-Cancer Potential of Daikon and Radish sprouts". A poster presentation was made at the 6^th Annual Health and Medical Research Conference of Queensland (November, 2006).

Project Title	Taro industry development: the first step
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-322A
Start Date:	01-Jul-2004
Finish Date:	30-Sep-2006
Researcher:	Mr. Jeff Daniells
Organisation:	Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (Qld) Centre for Wet Tropics Agriculture PO Box 20 South Johnstone Qld 4859
Phone:	(07) 4064 1129
Fax:	(07) 4064 2249
Email:	jeff.daniells@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	·1 Assist in the development of the Australian taro industry by: ·2 Survey/benchmarking of current industry practices/problems to provide a snapshot of the industry ·3 Provision of an information resource for the taro industry ·4 Unlocking taro industry workshops ·5 Field monitoring sites testing workshop recommendations ·6 Development of an Australian taro industry R&D strategic plan
Current Progress	The project has been progressing well with the draft write-up of the industry survey completed. Discussion was held on the content and format of the industry workshops at the Taro Growers Australia (TGA) meeting in August 2006. It was agreed by the growers that the number of workshops should be reduced. A combination workshop on pests and diseases was held on 10 November 2006 at South Johnstone which was attended by 15 growers. Tony Clark and Amy Carmichael from QUT who head up the ACIAR TaroPest project were guest speakers. Feedback from growers was very positive. The issue of weed control had been well covered by a TGA field day held at John Doyle and Rod Hourston's property on 29 January 2005. Growers were more interested in further information about harvesting and washing/cleaning machinery so a field trip was organized to the Atherton Tablelands on 8 September 2006. The group visited NorthQual - one of the largest potato packing sheds on the Tablelands; Serra Farms whose operations include specialty potatoes and yam bean; followed by 2 sweet potato growers. Growers came away from the day with some very useful ideas to pursue on their properties. The project team has also been assisting the TGA with quarantine information and data. The TGA recognizes biosecurity as a major issue. A Taro Crop Nutrition workshop was held on 20 April 2007, again attended by 15 growers. The project team is currently organizing the R&D strategic planning event which will be followed by final writing up of the project..

Project Title	Product description languages and support material for minor tropical crops in northern Australia
RIRDC Project No.:	DNT-31A
Start Date:	01-Jul-2003
Finish Date:	30-Jan-2008
Researcher:	Mr Geoff Walduck
Organisation:	Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines (NT) PO Box 3000 Darwin NT 0801
Phone:	(08) 8999 2016
Fax:	(08) 8999 2049
Email:	geoff.walduck@nt.gov.au
Objectives	·1 Production of Product Description Languages (PDL) for a range of smaller emerging and developing tropical crops in a range of appropriate flexible and inexpensive formats. ·2 Production of PDL’s to be in partnership with all parts of the production / transport / distribution / retail and consumer chain. ·3 Produce PDL’s in electronic format so that they can be customized and modified easily to meet constantly changing market and production conditions. This also allows a range of very short run hard copy formats to be produced at little cost to meet specific requirements as required. ·4 Develop a System of Developing PDL’s for a range of related or geographically compact small crops so that PDL’s can be produced quickly, inexpensively and be flexible enough to assist the industry to develop in the market place at an earlier stage than is usual at the moment. ·5 Improve the flow and accuracy of product information flow within and along the market chain. ·6 Promote more efficient operation of the market chain by improving both the accuracy and the speed of information flow in both directions. ·7 Improve quality of produce and lead to commercial quality standards as required. ·8 Enables the possibility of sale by description and e-commerce.
Current Progress	PDL’s have been prepared and are available as working drafts to industry for assessment as both electronic and printed format. These are – Heliconia [3] – Claw , Psitocorum,Yellow Tahitian Limes [1] Pitaya White [1] Snake Bean [1] Okra [1] After considerable experiment with a range of formats and systems we decided to use Microsoft Word as it is simple, commonly available and does the job required. The finished product is available in electronic version as a Word document or in PDF format depending on the use. It can be easily printed on any colour printer. There was a series of delays and setbacks in 2006 but these have been addressed and the completion date of the project extended to the end of 2007.

Project Title	Access to Asian Foods Newsletter
RIRDC Project No.:	MIS-1A
Start Date:	01-Aug-2006
Finish Date:	31-Jul-2007
Researcher:	Barry W Lee PO Box 294 Gymea NSW 2227
Organisation:	Mistik Pty Ltd trading as B&M Lee Associates
Phone:	0418 230 393
Fax:	(02) 95452687
Email:	barrywlee@ozemail.com.au
Objectives	Produce (write, edit) a national newsletter for effective communication, networking and transfer of information in the Australian Asian vegetable/ food industry.
Current Progress	All 2 page Word English language newsletters for September, October, November, February, March, April and May were completed, printed and distributed. Additional special edition May newsletter has been produced for the National Vegetables Industry Conference. Future research conferences for HACCP and Post-Harvest processing shall occur at the Gold Coast and Terrigal during September and October 2007, which will provide material relevant to Asian vegetables and future articles. Other international markets and products trade shows is being reviewed for material relevant to the Australian Asian vegetables industry.

Project Title	Integrated management strategies for diseases and pests of Asian vegetables
RIRDC Project No.:	DAN-233J
Start Date:	01-Jul-2004
Finish Date:	31-May-2008
Researcher:	NSW DPIMr. Len Tesoriero, Dr Victor Rajakulendran; Victroian DPI: Mr Rob Dimsey, Ms Livinia Zirnsak, Mr Slobidan Vujovic
Organisation:	NSW Department of Primary Industries PMB 8 Camden, NSW, 2570
Phone:	(02) 4640 6428
Fax:	(02) 4640 6300
Email:	len.tesoriero@agric.nsw.gov.au
Objectives	·1 Identify the important diseases and pests causing losses of Asian vegetables in the major production regions across Australia ·2 Develop and evaluate effective disease and pest scouting/monitoring and integrated management strategies with growers that range from traditional market garden, broad acre and high value intensive production. ·3 Facilitate adoption of sustainable disease and pest management strategies for Non English Speaking Background (NESB) growers in NSW and Victoria (with extension activities linking to other states and territories).
Current Progress	The project has focused to date upon surveying Asian vegetable crops to determine the most important pests and diseases and validating IPM systems in on-farm replicated trials and demonstration plots. Laboratory diagnoses and pathogenicity tests have determined the significant soil pathogens causing root rot diseases of leafy vegetables. Further greenhouse trials have tested efficacy of biological and chemical management options. What communication strategies have we used to date? (i) Demonstration plots & replicated trials These have been used more to develop and validate different strategies and activities for IPM to work successfully on-farm. They include refining practices such as scouting, quantitative pest, disease and beneficial assessments, and determining spray thresholds. Direct communication with growers and comparison of spray records has confirmed the benefits of IPM under low pest pressure. (ii) Field Days, Grower Seminars & Farm Walks These have been used to cover topical issues and in some cases to target specific ethnic groups of growers (in which case we have had a translator present). We have collaborated with other researchers where possible to optimise the audience size and venue costs. For instance, we have hosted researchers to present their findings to growers on Club Root, Thrips/TSWV, Brassica pests, White Blister and Downy Mildew. Grower field walks have been held in the Sydney Basin, Brisbane and Darwin aimed to assist with pest and disease recognition and to point out ways to improve cultural management and infrastructure. (iii) Study Tours Vietnamese growers in Victoria have visited Sydney and Adelaide to see both production and marketing sites and to identify areas where they can adapt or change their management of pests and diseases. (iv) Short Training Courses & Workshops Growers have been encouraged to attend farm chemical training and food safety courses as well as half-day workshops on IPM. A short course on disease recognition and management was also conducted as a follow-up to a farm walk. (v) Newsletter Articles A number of articles have appeared in ‘Access to Asian Foods’. What else have we planned? A number of publications are in the process of being written. These include: ·1 A 4-page brochure showing types of damage, key pests and beneficials, scouting methods, and control strategies for Baby-leaf Asian vegetables. ·2 Disease and pest fact-sheets (with colour photographs) and translations into Chinese and Vietnamese. These will include key features for recognition and management information. ·3 A poster of the diseases of leafy Brassicas with translations into Chinese and Vietnamese. We will continue to use the previously mentioned strategies and will hold field days around promising trial results. In Sydney, we will need to carefully plan the venue for these field days as we have previously had communication problems where plots have been harvested before we’ve had a chance to have other growers look at the results. We are also scoping a video to capture the essential components for crop monitoring and we may be able to incorporate footage of positive trial results to reach growers that may not be able to attend field days. What are the key messages from the project? This project is just approaching the three-quarter mark in its progress and we have succeeded in the following areas: ·1 We have identified the key pests and diseases affecting Asian vegetables in all the major production areas of Australia. ·2 We have developed scouting and monitoring strategies for pests and diseases of several types of Asian vegetables under different production systems (field beds, trellised crops, hydroponic and bagged media crops). We have established arbitrary spray thresholds for certain pests on leafy Brassicas. ·3 We have demonstrated that the IPM approach can reduce pesticide usage while maintaining product quality in leafy Brassicas under low pest pressure. What are the knowledge gaps that we have identified? There are some key pests and diseases for which we have no current solutions (either IPM-based or with conventional chemistry). In some cases, we will be working on these issues and may find solutions by the completion of this project, whereas others will require further research or we may need to adapt research findings from other projects. For instance, pests such as thrips, rutherglen bugs and leaf-miners are difficult to control at present. Similarly, club root and downy mildew have become a bigger problem in the Sydney Basin in the last year. Turnip mosaic virus and white leaf spot are causing sporadic problems and we do not know enough about their biology to make improvements to existing recommendations. Commercial partners & commercial uptake? In Victoria, local agronomists and crop scouts are using pest and disease monitoring strategies developed in this project for baby-leaf Asian vegetables. In NSW we have collaborated with several companies in trials to test the efficacy of chemicals and microbial biocontrols for soil-borne diseases of leafy Brassicas, spinach and cucurbits. Data is being generated to support applications for registration.

Project Title	Increasing the production of Australian wasabi
RIRDC Project No.:	DAT-43A
Start Date:	09-Jan-2006
Finish Date:	21-Dec-2007
Researcher:	Ms Angela Sparrow
Organisation:	Tasmania Department of Primary Industries & Water Vegetables and Associated Industries Branch PO Box 46 Kings Meadows Tas 7249
Phone:	(03) 6336 5349
Fax:	(03) 6344 9814
Email:	angela.sparrow@dpiwe.tas.gov.au
Objectives	· Develop the capacity of an Australian laboratory to produce commercial quantities of tissue-cultured wasabi planting stock. · Improve product quality through disease management and additional varieties. · Build the networking capacity of the wasabi grower group
Current Progress	The first two commercial crops of wasabi using tissue-cultured stock produced in Australia will be planted in June 2007. The development of tissue-culture protocols in Australia specifically for wasabi will reduce the reliance on imported stock and expands the range of species produced by the Australian laboratory. Imported stock will continue to play a vital role in introducing new genetic stock for Australian wasabi crops. Field trials growing wasabi in both soil and water mediums are being conducted over the 2-year growth cycle of the crop. Comparative growth data for each of 10 varietal lines is being collected at 3-monthly intervals for the duration of the project. Growth data is being collected for a second trial that examines the effect of a range of fungicide treatments designed to reduce the incidence of disease through protective chemicals applied pre-planting and when infection pressure is high. Both trials are on target for completion by September 2007. The wasabi grower group has continued to grow with 10 sites now under production in Tasmania and one in Victoria. Meetings arranged both as a function of this project and independently by members of the grower group have cultivated active communication within the group.

Project Title	Commercialisation of Mume in Australia
RIRDC Project No.:	DAQ-347A
Start Date:	30 May 2007
Finish Date:	30 Dec 2010
Researcher:	Bruce Topp
Organisation:	Queensland Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Queensland Horticulture Institute PO Box 5083 SCMC Nambour Qld 4560
Phone:	07 5444 9687
Fax:	07 5441 2235
Email:	bruce.topp@dpi.qld.gov.au
Objectives	a) Collect and analyse data from two statistical mume varietal field trials and recommend suitable varieties for temperate and subtropical production. b) Facilitate the plantation of commercial mume orchards and development of linkages between growers and manufacturers of mume-based products.
Current Progress	Trial trees at the Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries’ research stations at Nambour and Stanthorpe have grown well and are expected to produce their first commercial crops during the 2007-2008 season. Contracts for this new project were signed off in May 2007.