|| Home || SEARCH|| Contact || Free Research Publications  ||  Eshop || Privacy Statement ||

RIRDC Completed Projects in 2006-2007 & Research in Progress as at June 2007

BACK TO INDEX

To Horses Research in Progress

2.4 HORSES - COMPLETED PROJECTS in 2006-2007
PROJECT No	PROJECT TITLE		RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION
To improve the management of growing and developing horses
UMU-33A	Risk factor for gastric ulceration in thoroughbred racehorses	A/Prof Guy Lester		(08) 9360 7676	Murdoch University
To improve the overall health and welfare of the horse
RAS-1A	An investigation into the detection of three common veterinary pharmaceuticals		Dr John Vine	(03) 9376 6760	Racing Analytical Services Ltd
To keep Australia free from major exotic equine disease out-breaks and limit the impact of endemic diseases
UCS-35A	Investigating the role of impaired glucose uptake in laminitis		Dr Martin Sillence	(02) 6933 2205	Charles Sturt University
UM-71A	Integrated pest management for the horse farm	Prof Ary Hoffmann		(03) 9479 2769	La Trobe University
US-108A	Prospective Longitudinal Study of disease on Equine Stud Farms	Dr James Gilkerson		0409 583 169	The University of Melbourne
Other
UQ-111A	Epaxial musculature and its relationship with back pain in the horse	Dr Catherine McGowan		(07) 5460 1521	University of Queensland
AUR-1A	National standards for track monitoring, assessment and design	Mr Arthur Stubbs		(03) 9844 1135	Australian Racecourse Managers Association Inc

 
 

2.4 HORSES - COMPLETED PROJECTS 2005-06
PROJECT No		PROJECT TITLE		RESEARCHER	PHONE	ORGANISATION
Information Technology for the Horse Industry
US-124A		Communications and information programs for the horse industry	Ms Shirley Ray		(02) 9352 6932	University of Sydney
To improve the management of growing and developing horses
US-129A		Risk factors for injuries in thoroughbred racehorses during commercial training	Prof David Evans		(02) 9351 2474	University of Sydney
To improve the overall health and welfare of the horse
OFF-1A		The production of a poster and booklet on poisonous weeds for horses	Ms Mellisa Offord		(02) 8901 0622
To more effectively quantify the environmental impact on the horse industry
UQ-119A	Transfer of weeds to Qld native forests on horses hooves			Dr. Christopher Pollitt	(07) 3365 2063	The University of Queensland
Respiratory Diseases-Improving the Respiratory Health of Horses
UM-67A		Effects of Stud Management on Ecology of Virulent Rhodococcus equi and Further studies of the ecology of virulent R. equi on horse studs - 2002 stud season	Dr Glenn Browing		(03) 8344 742	University of Melbourne
Lameness and Limb Injury-Developing More Effective Methods for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment
UQ-100A		Pasture fructan concentration as a cause of equine laminitis	Dr. Christopher Pollitt		(07) 3365 2063	The University of Queensland
Other
EPS-1A		Prototype Environmental Management System (EMS) for the horse keeping community - implementation, auditing and monitoring	Ms Jacqueline Frizenschaf		(08) 8139 9919	Environment Protection Authority SA

Completed Projects - To improve the management of growing and developing horses
 

Project Title:	Risk factor for gastric ulceration in thoroughbred racehorses
RIRDC Project No.:	UMU-33A
Researcher:	A/Prof Guy Lester
Organisation:	Murdoch University
Phone:	(08) 9360 7676
Fax:	(08) 9360 2603
Email:	G.Lester@murdoch.edu.au
Objectives	·7 The specific aim of the proposed research is to examine the relationship between management practices and the point prevalence of gastric squamous mucosal ulceration in Thoroughbred racehorses ·8 To investigate the relationship between ulcer prevalence and defined horse factors including, but not limited to, age, gender, weeks in work, numbers of races this campaign, number of campaigns, and concurrent medication ·9 To investigate the relationship between ulcer prevalence and training stable.
Background	Gastric ulcer disease is highly prevalent in the performance horse industries. It has been estimated that between 55 and 90% of racing Thoroughbreds have gastric ulcers. The disease has an enormous economic impact, attributable not only to reduced athletic performance, but also in the cost of diagnosis and treatment. In a previous study we reported a wide variability in the prevalence of gastric ulcer disease across a small number of training stables in Western Australia. This population could provide important information as to the risk factors that are important in the development of gastric ulcers.
Research	We examined the stomachs of 402 racing Thoroughbreds under the care of 37 different trainers. The trainers were located in metropolitan, semi-rural, and rural regions within the southwest region of Western Australia. The stomach of each horse was graded for ulceration and horses were subsequently categorized into one of two groups; those with no or mild evidence of disease, and those with either moderate or severe gastric ulcers. A comprehensive survey was conducted for each trainer and for each horse.
Outcomes	We again documented a significant difference between trainers with respect to ulcer prevalence. There were a number of factors that were significantly associated with ulcer disease. Factors associated with an increased risk of disease were the length of time in training, trainer-reported difficulty in the maintenance of body condition, evidence of stereotypic or abnormal behaviour (specifically crib-biting), and playing a radio in the stables. Factors that were associated with a reduced risk of ulcer disease included exercising at the same location that the horse was stabled and turnout with other horses.
Implications	The results of this study indicate that ulcer disease is a widespread problem and that is likely due to a number of factors. Attention to reducing environmental stress would appear to be a beneficial strategy in reducing the prevalence or severity of disease. Animals that demonstrate problems in weight control, almost certainly due to reduced intake in the face of increasing caloric demands, and those that have abnormal (stereotypic) behaviour should be investigated for disease. These horses may benefit from continual medication and/or a change in environment.
Publications	Lester G.D., Robertson I. and Secombe C. (in press). Risk Factors for Gastric Ulceration in Thoroughbred Racehorses. RIRDC Project No. UMU-33A.

Completed Projects - To improve the overall health and welfare of the horse
 

Project Title:	An investigation into the detection of three common veterinary pharmaceuticals
RIRDC Project No.:	RAS-1A
Researcher:	Dr John Vine
Organisation:	Racing Analytical Services Ltd
Phone:	(03) 9376 6760
Fax:	(03) 9376 6875
Email:	jvine@rasl.com.au
Objectives	·10 The purpose of this research is to study the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of 3 therapeutic substances, frusemide, betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide, commonly used by veterinarians during the preparation of horses for competition in the thoroughbred and standardbred industries as will as in high level equestrian events. ·11 Frusemide is a high ceiling diuretic commonly used in the management of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racehorses. Batemethasone and trimcinolone acetetonide are corticosteroid drugs used for intra-articular treatment and/or management of horses with degenerative joint disease. ·12 Several of the analytical procedures used to detect these drugs in urine samples from competing horses are abut to change. These changes may alter the detection periods of these commonly-used drugs. The proposed project will provide reliable and up-to-date drug excretion data for frusemide practising veterinarians in a meaningful number of horses. Pilot studies involving the corticosteroid drugs are aimed at providing preliminary data on likely detection periods. This will be a first step in providing information on responsible use of intra-articular corticosteroids which is consistent with animal welfare and the racing industry's rules on the use of medications in racehorses.
Background	In recent years the aim of the racing industry regulators to ensure "drug-free" competition and the need for veterinarians to properly treat racing injuries have increasingly come into conflict. The development of more sensitive analytical methods, necessary to detect today’s sophisticated "go-fast" drugs, may result in the detection of miniscule and pharmacologically irrelevant quantities of genuine therapeutic agents. The detection of such materials inevitably and in some cases unjustifiably reflects poorly on the racing industry and its participants. Reputations can be ruined and severe financial consequences may result from a trace of a relatively innocuous veterinary medication.
Research	Robust and properly validated detection methodology has been applied to the measurement of these three drugs in blood and urine. Methods based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry have been developed to ensure that the data generated are as definitive and reliable as possible and that experimental protocols are aligned with those being used to carry out related studies in other countries. This ensures that data will be transferable and enables the range of drugs for which reliable excretion data are available to be greatly extended.
Outcomes	It has been shown that after intra-articular administration, betamethasone may be detected for up to three days in urine, albeit at very low concentration. There is no evidence of any significant retention of the drug in synovial fluid and hence it is unlikely that its duration of action is prolonged by this route of administration.  The frusemide study has shown that this drug may be reliably detected up to 48 hours in both blood and urine. Data collected on urine void volumes and urine specific gravity suggests that the diuretic effect would not extend beyond that period. Therefore a 48 hour detection time can be reported with a high level of confidence, given that inter-subject variability was relatively small. The study of triamcinolone acetonide administered by intra-articular injection has demonstrated that this drug and its metabolite can be detected for up to 130 and 170 hours, respectively, provided that methods of appropriate sensitivity are applied. The detection times are roughly equivalent to the time for which hydrocortisone is suppressed suggesting that they may also correlate with the duration of action of the drug.
Implications	These data can now be used by veterinarians to make more informed decisions about the treatment of horses, particularly in the weeks or days leading up to a race. The data will also assist the racing authorities to draw conclusion about purported treatment regimens in the event that one of these drugs is detected in a pre- or post-race sample.
Publications	Vine et al. (2007). Detecting Three Common Drugs in Horses:  Frusemide, betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide. RIRDC Publication No 07/127.

 

Completed Projects - To improve the overall health and welfare of the horse
 

Project Title:	Penetration of pharmacological agents through equine skin
RIRDC Project No.:	UQ-114A
Researcher:	Paul Mills and Sheree Cross
Organisation:	School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland
Phone:	(07) 3365 2964
Fax:	(07) 3365 1255
Email:	p.mills@uq.edu.au
Objectives	·13 To develop in vitro methodologies to measure drug movement through equine skin ·14 To measure the regional differences (e.g. thorax vs axilla vs lower leg) in drug penetration ·15 To measure transdermal penetration of drugs of interest to the equine industry, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids and analgesics (e.g. fentanyl) ·16 To determine the effects of vehicles (e.g. propylene glycol) on penetration of drugs in the horse ·17 To determine the effects of skin damage (e.g. rashes) and altered microenvironment (skin cleansers) on transdermal drug movement in the horse.
Background	Topical medications are increasingly used in all species, including the horse. It is important to understand that there are significant species differences between the rate and extent that any drug formulation will move through skin. This means that formulations developed for one species may not have the same amount of drug (more or less) available after topical application. This can lead to either ineffective treatments or toxicity. It is also important to understand transdermal drug penetration when entering horses in competition because many compounds can move through skin and may be detected in blood and urine samples, leading to infringement of the rules of competition. This project was designed to address this lack of basic data concerning transdermal drug penetration in the horse.
Research	In vitro techniques to characterise how much and how quickly a range of clinically relevant drugs can pass through horse skin. The same techniques to then investigate regional differences (does drug penetration differ if applied at a different site), the effect of vehicles (what the drug is dissolved in) and the effects of skin damage on transdermal drug penetration. An in vivo model was then trailed to permit investigations relating in vitro results to the living horse.
Outcomes	Anti-inflammatory drugs such as hydrocortisone and methylsalicylate penetrate faster and to a greater extent through skin from the leg, which is useful if applying these drugs for anti-inflammatory activity in the legs of horses. Conversely, fentanyl (pain relief) penetrates better through upper body regions which is where fentanyl patches are normally applied. There are significant effects of the vehicle on the transdermal penetration of testosterone in the horse, with vehicles containing ethanol or propylene glycol (both commonly found in topical creams and gels) associated with greater drug amounts moving through the skin. An important finding was the effect of damage or change to the skin surface created using common clinical approaches to treating skin, including shaving, application of adhesive tape and cleaning skin which all significantly enhanced the penetration of methylsalicylate through skin.
Implications	Any stakeholder in the equine industry, from trainers, owners, veterinarians, officials and regulators should be aware that there are significant species differences between how much and how fast a particular formulation will penetrate skin, meaning that a formulation developed and registered for one species will be unlikely to have the same effect and safety margin when applied to another species, including the horse. Also, horse entering into competition should be aware of the potential for the appearance of drugs in blood and urine collected from their horse following topical application which may lead to infringement of the rules of competition. Stakeholders should also be aware that there are regional differences, meaning that a formulation applied to one part of the body may have a different level of effect if applied elsewhere. Different formulations of the same drug can have significant effects on how much of the drug actually penetrates through the skin and is available for whatever purpose it was designed. Most importantly, changes in the integrity of the skin, such as rashes, abrasions, skin disease or the use of agents to clean the skin, can substantially alter the amount and rate of active drug uptake.
Publications	Mills P.C. and Cross S.E. (2006) The effects of equine skin preparation on transdermal drug penetration in vitro. Can J Vet Res 70(4):317-20. Mills P.C. and Cross S.E. (2006) Transdermal Drug Delivery: Basic Principles for the Veterinarian. Vet J 172(2): 218-233.  Mills P.C. and Cross S.E. (2006) Regional differences in transdermal penetration of fentanyl through equine skin. Res Vet Sci. (in press). Mills P.C. (2006) Vehicle effects on the penetration of testosterone through equine skin. Vet.Res.Comm. (in press). Mills P.C. and Cross S.E. (2006) Regional differences in the in vitro penetration of hydrocortisone through equine skin. J Vet.Pharm.Ther. 29: 25-30. Mills P.C. and Cross S.E. (2006) Regional differences in the in vitro penetration of methylsalicylate through equine skin. Vet.J. (doi 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.08.023). Mills P.C., Magnusson B.M. and Cross S.E. (2005) Penetration of a topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug into local tissues and synovial fluid of dogs. Am.J.Vet.Res. 66(7): 1128-1132. Mills P.C. and Cross S.E. (2006). Penetration of Pharmacological Agents through Equine Skin RIRDC Publication No 07/092.

 

Completed Projects - To keep Australia free from major exotic equine disease out-breaks and limit the impact of endemic diseases
 

Project Title:	Investigating the role of impaired glucose uptake in laminitis
RIRDC Project No.:	UCS-35A
Researcher:	Prof Martin Sillence
Organisation:	Charles Sturt University
Phone:	(02) 6933 2205
Fax:	(02) 6933 2812
Email:	msillence@csu.edu.au
Objectives	·18 Our aim is to understand the mechanisms that control glucose uptake in the hoof, then identify the factors associated with endocrine and metabolic abnormalities that lead to impaired glucose uptake, tissue starvation and laminitis.
Background	Laminitis is a painful and crippling disease in which the hoof wall becomes detached from underlying tissue may no longer be able to support the weight of the horse. A wide range of factors can trigger laminitis, but horses and ponies that have high concentrations of insulin are most at risk. High insulin concentrations are a sign of glucose intolerance which can be genetic, or induced by diet, lack of exercise, and certain drugs. In this condition (which is similar to human Type 2 diabetes), the function of proteins which normally transport glucose from the circulation to the tissues become obtunded, so that more insulin than normal is required to activate them. Initially we believed that laminitis occurred when the hoof was starved of glucose, causing the connective tissue to disintegrate. However, once we had established that the hoof was not dependent on insulin for glucose uptake (unlike most other tissues), we began to consider other actions of insulin. Instead of regarding poor glucose uptake as the problem and high concentrations of circulating insulin as a sign, we tested the hypothesis that high concentrations of insulin in the blood were actually the cause of laminitis.
Research	Our first experiments focussed on the control of glucose uptake, the nature of glucose transporters and role of insulin in isolated hoof tissue. Subsequently, we examined the effect of high insulin concentrations on the whole body, under conditions where glucose concentrations were kept normal.
Outcomes	Lamellar tissue was able to take up glucose independent of insulin, and contained no insulin-responsive glucose transporters. However, the infusion of a large dose of insulin over 72 hours caused laminitis to develop in all five ponies tested. This occurred while glucose concentrations were held constant by means of a continuous glucose infusion.
Implications	Our findings reinforce the value of using measurements of circulating insulin concentrations to identify horses at risk of laminitis, particularly when exposed to high carbohydrate diets, suffering Equine Cushing’s Disease, or treated with certain anti-inflammatory drugs. Treating glucose intolerance through diet, exercise or medication, should be a primary goal in restoring insulin concentrations to normal and preventing laminitis. New treatments for acute laminitis will result from further studies into the mechanism of action of insulin.
Publications	Asplin K.E., Bevan B.E., McGowan C.M., Pollitt C.C. and Sillence M.N. 2005. Glucose uptake in the equine hoof. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia, Dec 2005, Melbourne Vic., Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 14 (Suppl.): S62. Asplin K.E., McGowan C.M., Pollitt C.C., Curlewis J. and Sillence M.N. 2006.Glucose uptake in the equine hoof. Proceedings of the Australian Equine Science Symposium, June 2006, Gold Coast Qld, Vol. 1, p26. Asplin K.E., McGowan C.M., Pollitt C.C., Curlewis J. and Sillence M.N. 2007. Role of insulin in glucose uptake in the equine hoof. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 25th Anniversary Forum, June 2007, Seattle WA USA. Asplin K.E., Sillence M.N., Pollitt C.C. and McGowan C.M. 2007. Induction of laminitis with insulin in healthy ponies. Proceedings of the British Equine Veterinary Association Congress, Sept 2007, Edinburgh UK (In Press). Sillence M., Asplin K., Pollitt C. and McGowan C. (in press). Investigating the role of impaired glucose uptake in laminitis. RIRDC Publication No 07/158.

Completed Projects - To keep Australia free from major exotic equine disease out-breaks and limit the impact of endemic diseases
 

Project Title:	Integrated pest management for the horse farm
RIRDC Project No.:	UM-71A
Researcher:	Cindy Edward and Ary Hoffmann
Organisation:	Centre for Environmental Stress and Research Adaptation University of Melbourne Vic 3010
Phone:	(03) 8344 0017
Fax:	(03) 8344 7089
Email:	cedward@unimelb.edu.au
Objectives	·19 To complete a research and development project on an alternative to current equine parasite management. ·20 To develop a biological control program that retains an environmentally sustainable horse farm, by identifying native ground dwelling predators that may break the lifecycle of horse parasites.
Background	Horse owners are advised to worm their horses every six to twelve weeks. The sole reliance on these chemicals to control horse parasites is expensive and detrimental to horses, people and the environment. Resistance in worms to these chemicals is increasing. This leads to higher dosages administered more often.
Research	Pest and beneficial invertebrates were monitored in horse paddocks and horse dung with various drenching routines. Exotic dung beetles were released at some of these sites and horse management practices monitored to enable their establishment. Faecal egg counts were used to monitor parasite resistance and burden.
Outcomes	A biological control program using an integrated pest management strategy was developed. Horse industry interest was evident through media article feed back. Horse owners proved to be keen to adopt a sustainable strategy in controlling horse parasites and improving productive environmental changes to horse pastures by monitoring parasite burdens, establishing dung beetles and implementing cultural practices and only when necessary using parasiticides. The biological control program will: ·1 benefit the horse (less chemical administered) ·2 reduce financial costs of worming applications ·3 address chemical resistance ·4 lessen the risk of accidents to the horse handler. This will maintain a more environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable horse farm. Faecal egg counts were taken by collecting fresh dung from the trial paddocks. Resistance in worms to ivermectin was found for the first time in horses.
Implications	Parasitology in the horse industry should be a priority for further research as new technology and environmental direction is sought. Stud managers, recreational riders and farm workers would benefit from new technology as suggested in recommendations. Workshops, media articles, as well as talks and collaboration with community and Landcare groups are ways to provide the industry with relevant information. The need for inexpensive faecal egg counts and dung beetle commercial supplies is sought by the horse industry. Chemical usage patterns need to be changed to prevent resistance evolution.
Publications	Edward C.L. and Hoffmann A.A. 2006. Ivermectin resistance in a horse from Australia. Veterinary Record (In press). Edward C.L. and Hoffmann A.A. 2007. The Effects of Dung Beetle, Bubus bison and Bird Activityon infective larval stages in horse dung of the horse parasite Strongylidae (In preparation). Media articles: "The Weekly Times", Leader Newspaper, Veterinary Magazine, LandCare community newsletter, Chaff chat. Poster: Equitana, CESAR ARC review. Edward C. and Hoffmann A. 2007. Integrated Pest Management for the Horse Farm RIRDC Publication No 07/090.

 

Completed Projects – Respiratory Diseases - Improving the Respiratory Health of Horses
 

Project Title	Prospective Longitudinal Study of disease on Equine Stud Farms
RIRDC Project No.:	US-108A
Researcher:	James Gilkerson
Organisation:	The University of Melbourne
Phone:	03 8344 9969
Fax:	03 8344 7374
Email:	jrgilk@unimelb.edu.au
Objectives	·21 To calculate the prevalence, incidence and, where possible, the cost of a number of diseases,  ·22 to produce reports for the participating farms that would allow them to benchmark the frequency and cost of these diseases on their farms with an industry-based average,  ·23 to allow participating farms to compare the frequency and cost of disease with other participating farms ·24 to provide the industry with objective data on the frequency and cost of disease upon which to base future research priorities.
Background	Prior to 2001 the horse breeding industry in Australia had relied on anecdote and subjective surveys to determine the frequency of disease and the allocation of research funding into equine diseases. Other rural industries had Government supported surveillance programmes that were funded, in part or in full, by industry funds. The data generated by this project fills a significant gap in our knowledge of the cost and relative significance of disease in the Thoroughbred breeding population.
Research	A reporting system was established to collate population data on the resident population of horses on a number of stud farms and to record the diseases for which they were treated. These data were then used to calculate the frequency and where possible the cost of disease to the participating farms. This has enabled some objective measure of the frequency and cost of disease on Thoroughbred farms in Australia to be determined.
Outcomes	Estimates of the frequency and cost of disease on participating farms has been determined, as well as the reproductive efficiency and some preliminary investigations into the most common causes of death on participating farms.
Implications	This study will allow farm managers, stud veterinarians and equine researchers to make decisions based on an objective estimate of the actual frequency of disease, rather than upon their subjective experience.
Publications	Gilkerson J. (in press). Prospective longitudinal study of disease on equine stud farms. RIRDC Project No. US-108A.

 

Completed Projects – Other
 

Project Title:	Epaxial musculature and its relationship with back pain in the horse
RIRDC Project No.:	UQ-111A
Researcher:	Dr Catherine McGowan
Organisation:	The University of Queensland
Phone:	07 54601706
Fax:	07 54601 444
Email:	c.mcgowan@uq.edu.au
Objectives	·25 To increase the knowledge of back pain in horses by investigating it using the approach used in humans. Specifically; how pain producing problems in the back are reflected in the deep back muscles and to determine the relationship between decreased size of these muscles and pain and/or poor athletic performance.
Background	Back pain and diseases of the spine and pelvis are significant problems in all types of equine performance causing poor performance, lost training days and wastage. As a result back pain represents a considerable economic and welfare issue for the equine performance industries. Research to date has been led by the veterinary profession with a focus on pathoanatomical problems underlying back pain. However, advances in human back pain have been led by physiotherapy research. Physiotherapy research has focussed on the neuromotor control model and the associated dysfunction especially of the epaxial or deep back muscles that occurs as a result of back pain from different forms of pathology.
Research	The anatomy, biomechanics and function of the equine epaxial muscles were described in initial studies using dissection and MRI. Following this, the equine epaxial muscles were measured and analysed for reliability and repeatability using ultrasonography in different groups of normal horses. In the final phase, horses with back pain were examined using ultrasonography and compared to bony pathology found at post mortem.
Outcomes	The results of this project have shown that the anatomy and function of the equine epaxial muscles are comparable to that of humans. Ultrasonography was found to be a repeatable and reliable tool for measurement of the equine epaxial muscles and when examined in clinical cases of equine back pathology, there was a clear reduction of the epaxial muscle size at the level of and close to areas of significant injury or pathology.
Implications	Ultrasonography of the epaxial muscles is a valuable non-invasive tool that will help detect back pain and associated pathology in horses. This information will be valuable to veterinarians and physiotherapists managing back pain and poor performance syndromes in athletic horses and will lead onto future work on the effect of physiotherapeutic intervention on the recovery of epaxial muscle function following back pain.
Publications	Stubbs, N.C., Hodges, P.W., Jeffcott, L.B., Cowin, G., Hodgson D.R. and McGowan C.M. Functional anatomy of the caudal thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spine in the horse. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 36: 393-399. 2006. McGowan, C.M., Stubbs, N.C. and Jull G. Review: Equine physiotherapy: a comparative view of the science underlying the profession. Equine Vet J. 2007 Jan 39(1):90-4. McGowan C., Stubbs N., Hodges P. Jeffcott L. (in press). Back Pain in Horses: Epaxial Musculature RIRDC Publication No 07/118.

 

Completed Projects – Other
 

Project Title:	National standards for track monitoring, assessment and design
RIRDC Project No.:	AUR-1A
Researcher:	Mr Arthur Stubbs
Organisation:	Australian Racecourse Managers Association Inc
Phone:	(03) 9844 1135
Fax:	(03) 9844 4554
Email:	akstubbs@optusnet.com.au
Objectives	·26 Development of national standards for monitoring, assessment and design of Australian race and training tracks, to enable objective investigation of relationships for track design, surfaces and profiles with track performance and user safety.
Background	Racecourse Managers Conferences since the mid 1990’s have raised the issue of a lack of standards for track design and construction in particular, leading to a number of failures of tracks and wastage of considerable expenditure. This led to several studies to explore what standards and objective knowledge existed in this area. It became clear that there was little good data available on which to base sound design. This project was aimed at bringing industry participants together to pool information and encourage an industry wide approach to identification and resolution of standards for national guidance and application.
Research	Two workshops were held to firstly summarise current knowledge and identify priorities for standards and then, through investigations by working groups, to more accurately define the standards available and indicate what future work and funding was needed to complete a portfolio of national standards for industry use.
Outcomes	Recommendations have been tabled regarding adoption of certain national standards by the industry, and for the direction of future research, funding and monitoring with the ultimate aim of producing a National Master Plan for Track Infrastructure.
Implications	The impetus forged by the two workshops and the working groups formed will continue to harness a nation wide collaborative approach to this fundamental issue which is vital to future industry viability and progress.
Publications	Australian Racecourse Managers Association Inc (2007) "Australian Racecourses National Track Standards -  Monitoring, assessment and design". RIRDC Publication No 07/159.

 

Completed Projects 2005-2006 – Information Technology for the Horse Industry
 

Project Title	Communications and information programs for the horse industry
RIRDC Project No.:	US-124A
Researcher:	Ms Shirley Ray
Organisation:	The University of Sydney
Phone:	(02) 9463 9305
Fax:	(02) 9463 9100
Email:	shirleyr@camden.usyd.edu.au
Objectives	To continue to ensure widespread industry support for the RIRDC Equine R&D Program and to enable the results of the R&D to be used by the industry, a strong communication program is necessary to ensure results get to end users. ·27 A database of equine organisations.  ·28 A database for communication with the industry. ·29 RIRDC Equine Research News. This newsletter of 8 pages, published quarterly, will provide the industry with information on topical research from around the world as well as updates on current RIRDC funded projects, interviews with research workers, workshops and invited reviews. ·30 RIRDC Internet Web Site. An Internet web site for the RIRDC Horse Program which will include links for online purchase of RIRDC publications, download of the RIRDC Equine Research News, search facility for past issues and a subscription facility to receive the RIRDC Equine Research News via the Internet.
Research	Each newsletter published had a print run of approximately 9,500 copies, all of which were distributed to the various sectors of the horse industry. The newsletter contained summaries of articles of local and international interest, interviews with researchers in particular fields, announcements of new RIRDC funded projects and updates of all currently funded projects, and items of general interest to the horse industry including RIRDC events and new publications. Articles from the newsletter have been reprinted in many local and international publications including: The Horse (USA), Sport Horse Journal, Breeding and Racing, Race Calendars and Hoofbeats. The RIRDC Equine Research Program Web site contains articles that have been printed in the RIRDC Equine Research News; these articles are accessible through an index of subject areas. A local search engine allows the user to search the site for a keyword. The site has links to relevant pages of the RIRDC web site, including the Five Year Plan, Objectives and Strategies of the Equine Research Program and RIRDC’s e-shop. A links page includes links to local and international research institutions and other sites of interests. At least 50 websites contain a link to the RIRDC Equine Program website and these include: Cyberhorse, Australian Racing Board; Australian Horse Resources and Australian Horse Net Service. All past issues of the newsletter are available for download in PDF format which can be viewed using Adobe Acrobat. This means that anyone with Internet access can view the newsletter in its colour print format.  The mailing list for the RIRDC Equine Research Program is updated regularly and contains contact details of Australian Horse Associations, Research Institutions and Personnel, Horse Publications and other media and individuals with an interest in the horse industry.  The mailing list contains over 2,000 entries
Publications	Ray S. and Offord M (2007). Communication and information programs for the horse industry RIRDC Publication No 07/117.

Completed Projects 2005-2006 - To improve the management of growing and developing horses
 

Project Title	Risk factors for injuries in thoroughbred racehorses during commercial training
RIRDC Project No.:	US-129A
Researcher:	Associate Professor David Evans
Organisation:	The University of Sydney
Phone:	(02) 9351 2474
Fax:	(02) 9351 3957
Email:	davide@vetsci.usyd.edu.au
Objectives	·31 The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of MS injuries in Australian two- and three-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. More specifically the aims were to describe the incidence and impact of MS and determine risk factors for MS injuries, in particular shin soreness.
Background	Musculoskeletal (MS) injuries have been identified as a common health problem in Thoroughbred racehorses. The most common MS injuries in two- and three-year olds have been identified as shin soreness and problems involving the carpus and fetlock joints. These MS injuries incur both direct and indirect costs.  After reviewing the literature it is clear that there is very limited understanding of the risk factors for MS injuries. In particular, there is almost a complete absence of any investigations that have collected data on daily training in an effort to understand the training related risk factors for MS injuries. Studies that utilize daily training records are fundamental to the understanding of training related risk factors for MS injuries. An understanding of the risk factors for MS injuries would facilitate the design of strategies that may reduce the occurrence and impact of MS injuries.
Research	During the study period 451 horses were enrolled during their two-year-old racing season. Training and injury information for these horses were collected directly from the trainer. The research confirmed previous research that MS injuries are a common problem in two- and three-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. The results showed that injury prior to the first start had considerable impact on time to first start. However, preparations after the first MS injury do not appear to be adversely affected. The investigation of risk factors showed that increasing distance galloped at high speed increased the risk of MS injury.
Outcomes	Since 2000 the results of this study have been presented to a number of difference associations and audiences. These were:  ·1 Australian Equine Veterinary Association  ·2 Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine ·3 International Society Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics ·4 Institute of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Massey University ·5 Australian and New Zealand racetrack managers ·6 Sydney metropolitan and provincial Thoroughbred trainers ·7 Australian Veterinary Association ·8 British Equine Veterinary Association ·9 International Horse Industry Symposium
Implications	The results of this study show that exposure to high-speed exercise is associated with an increased risk of injury. Unfortunately, racehorses must be exposed to high-speed exercise in order to prepare them for competition. Therefore, future research should focus on developing ways in which the risk associated with high-speed exercise can be reduced.
Publications	Cogger N., Perkins H., Hodgson D.R., Reid S.W.J. and Evans, D.L. (in press). "Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in two-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses." Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Cogger N., Evans D., Perkins N., Hodgson D and Reid S. (2006). Risk Factors for Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses. RIRDC Publication No 06/050.

Completed Projects 2005-2006 - To improve the overall health and welfare of the horse
 

Project Title	The production of a poster and booklet on poisonous weeds for horses
RIRDC Project No.:	OFF-1A
Researcher:	Ms Mellisa Offord
Organisation:	Mellisa Offord
Phone:	(02) 8901 0622
Fax:	(02) 9451 3286
Email:	mofford@optusnet.com.au
Objectives	·32 To produce a poster and booklet showing plants and trees that are poisonous to horses.
Outcomes	A book and poster have been produced and these were launched at the Equine Science Symposium held on the Gold Coast in June 2006.  The book is titled Plants Poisonous to Horses – An Australian Field Guide. It is 127 pages and it is a guide for horse owners to help them prevent plant poisoning in their horses. It clearly outlines the factors that influence the risk of plant poisoning and the ways to reduce this risk. The types of toxins that can be found in plants are discussed, along with the signs of poisoning that may be seen in horses that have ingested toxic plant material. A description of each plant is provided, including structure, growth habit and identifying features. The book contains over 200 colour photos of poisonous plants. Management notes suggest ways of dealing with poisonous plants on properties. The book includes a comprehensive list of ornamental plants that are known to be toxic to horses. The reference list is a useful resource for further reading and includes the journal articles, industry papers, books, CD ROMs and Internet resources that were used to create this publication. The poster highlights 11 plants in Australia that are a risk to horses.
Publications	Offord M (2006). Plants Poisonous to Horses: An Australian Field Guide. RIRDC Publication No. 06/048

 

Completed Projects 2005-2006 – To more effectively quantify the environmental impact on the horse industry
 

Project Title	Transfer of weeds to Qld native forests on horses hooves
RIRDC Project No.:	UQ-119A
Researcher:	Dr Christopher Pollitt
Organisation:	The University of Queensland
Phone:	(07) 3365 2063
Fax:	(07) 3365 1899
Email:	c.pollitt@uq.edu.au
Objectives	·33 Do horse faeces contain viable seeds which may germinate under suitable conditions or persist in surface soil. ·34 Are the plants that germinate from horse manure found beside the trails used by horse riders in forests of SE Queensland?
Background	Weeds accidentally introduced since European settlement constitute a threat to the ecological sustainability of native plant communities. Weeds may be introduced into native ecosystems via vehicular, human and animal vectors and there is anecdotal evidence that horse manure contains viable weed seed. A rigorous scientific protocol is necessary to discover if seeds in horse manure are viable and pose a threat when horses traverse areas of conservation significance.
Research	Horse faeces were collected from horses grazing an 80 hectare pasture without recent weed control and from race horses maintained in stables. Half of the faeces were dried and half kept wet before being mixed with a commercial, seed free, potting mix.
Outcomes	Ten plant species germinated in the pasture derived faeces (compared to one from stabled horses) and there was a higher seed load in the pasture faeces. Dominating seed germination was the grass Queensland Blue Couch (Digitaria ciliaris). Germination was 5 times greater in the dried faeces suggesting that prior drying favours grass seed germination. Only one native species, emu foot (Psoralea tenax) was found. All species that germinated in manure have current weed status.
Implications	The faeces of horses grazing weed infested pastures contain viable seed that, potentially, may infest native forests. However further work is required to determine if this actually occurs. To determine the role of horse faeces as a source of weeds, plants growing on 100 m transects of the sampled pasture and transects of the trails in nearby native forests will be compared. When complete these studies will supply objective data to assess the level of threat posed by horse riding in areas of native vegetation and will help formulate rational management strategies for recreational horse riding.
Publications	In press

 

Completed Projects 2005-2006 – Respiratory Diseases – Improving the Respiratory Health of Horses
 

Project Title	Effects of Stud Management on Ecology of Virulent Rhodococcus equi and Further studies of the ecology of virulent R. equi on horse studs - 2002 stud season
RIRDC Project No.:	UM-47A and UM-67A
Researcher:	Glenn F Browning, James R Gilkerson and Gary Muscatello
Organisation:	School of Veterinary Science The University of Melbourne
Phone:	03 8344 7342
Fax:	03 8344 7374
Email:	glenfb@unimelb.edu.au
Objectives	·35 To develop methods to improve understanding of the factors that make some areas on horse farms a greater risk for development of rattles in foals and apply these to identifying factors that might be addressed by changes in management of farms.
Background	Although rattles is an important disease problem in young foals there are limited options for control. Current methods rely on reducing faecal contamination and dust on studs, but we have little understanding of whether these are the only factors that account for higher infection and death rates on some studs.
Research	This project aimed to develop novel methods for assessing the risk associated with particular horse farm environments. These methods were based on bacteriological sampling of air and soil on studs, then identifying those bacteria capable of causing rattles. Once these methods were developed they were applied to examination of different horse farms and different places on those farms.  The method that was developed was also used to examine the breath of foals with rattles. This suggested that foals may be able to transmit virulent Rhodococcus equi to each other.
Outcomes	The most dangerous areas on studs for foals are likely to be laneways and holding pens. Control may be aided by reducing the time that foals spend in these areas. In addition areas that had sandy, dry and/or acidic soils seemed to be a greater risk. Some control may also be achieved by avoiding close contact between foals, particularly if they are known to be suffering from rattles. Sampling air from foals may be a sensitive diagnostic technique for the early detection of infected foals.
Implications	Application of methods developed in this project have provided some suggestions for reducing the incidence of rattles and further use of these methods may enable the benefit obtained from different approaches to control to be assessed. Different approaches to treatment may also be able to be assessed.
Publications	Muscatello, G. Rhodococcus equi: the organism and epidemiology. Australian Equine Veterinarian 22:190-197 (2003). Muscatello, G., and Browning, G. F. - Identification and differentiation of avirulent and virulent Rhodococcus equi using selective media and colony blotting DNA hybridization to determine their concentrations in the environment. Veterinary Microbiology, 100:121-127 (2004). Muscatello, G., Gerbaud, S., Kennedy, C., Gilkerson, J. R., Buckley, T., Klay, M., Leadon, D. P., and Browning, G. F. – Comparisons between concentrations of Rhodococcus equi and virulent R. equi in the air of stables and paddocks on horse breeding farms in a temperate (European) climate. Equine Veterinary Journal, 38:263-265 (2006). Phumoonna, T., Muscatello, G., Chicken, C., Gilkerson, J. R., Browning, G. F., Barton, M. D., And Heuzenroeder, M. W. - Clinical evaluation of a peptide-ELISA based upon N-terminal B cell epitope of the Vap A protein for early diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, 53:126-32 (2006). Muscatello, G., Gilkerson, J. R., and Browning, G. F. - Comparison of two selective media for the recovery, isolation, enumeration and differentiation of Rhodococcus equi. Submitted. Muscatello, G., Anderson, G. A., Gilkerson, J. R., and Browning, G. F. - Associations between the ecology of virulent Rhodococcus equi and the epidemiology of R. equi pneumonia on Australian Thoroughbred farms, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, in press (2006). Muscatello, G., Gilkerson, J. R., And Browning, G. F. - Detection of virulent Rhodococcus Equi in exhaled air samples from foals. Submitted. Muscatello, G., Gilkerson, J. R., and Browning, G. F. (2006). Rattles in Horses By Gary Muscatello, James R Gilkerson and Glen F Browning. RIRDC Publication No 06-097.

Completed Projects 2005-2006 – Lameness and limb injury – Developing more effective methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment
 

Project Title	Pasture fructan concentration as a cause of equine laminitis
RIRDC Project No.:	UQ-100A
Researcher:	Dr Christopher Pollitt
Organisation:	The University of Queensland
Phone:	(07) 3365 2063
Fax:	(07) 3365 1899
Email:	c.pollitt@uq.edu.au
Objectives	·36 The cause of grass founder will be understood and a strategy for diagnosis, prevention and treatment will be available ·37 A strategy for pasture and grazing management will be available so that horses and ponies do not consume sufficient fructan to develop laminitis.
Research	1. Establish that dosing horses with Raftilose causes laminitis Horses dosed with Raftilose or oligofructose (OF) at 3 dose rates (7.5;10 & 12.5g/kg) developed clinical and histological laminitis in at least one foot. Higher doses of OF were associated with significantly more severe (grade 3) histological laminitis (p<0.05). All the horses developed profuse diarrhoea at around 18h that ceased by 36-44h. Pyrexia and elevated heart rate peaked between 16 and 20h and returned to near normal by 48h. Faecal pH began to fall within 4 hours of dosing, reaching its lowest value (3.7) at around 18h. Blood D-lactate, of bacterial origin, peaked at 24 hours and then returned to the normal zero. Since all horses developed laminitis, the results establish that a storage carbohydrate, other than starch, can induce the disease. OF is a principal non-structural carbohydrate of pasture grasses, suggesting it is grass OF that causes laminitis and not other substance(s), such as dietary amines. Compared with traditional alimentary overload with starch, OF dosing resulted in reduced morbidity and no deaths, indicating that alimentary overload with fructan is an efficient and more humane experimental model for the induction of acute laminitis. A paper entitled "Equine laminitis: experimental induction with oligofructose by C.C. Pollitt* and A. W. van Eps was submitted to the Equine Veterinary Journal in mid 2003. The referees were not satisfied that 3 pairs of horses dosed with oligofructose (OF) at 3 dose rates could indicate significant trends (despite our professional statistician’s explanation of the methods used). Publication has been deferred until 4 more horses have been dosed with the median dose (10/kg Bwt OF).  2. Establish surgical caecal cannulation The difficulties that were encountered with caecal cannulation in 2002 have been overcome by using an alternative 2-step method. In stage 1 an adhesion was created between the caecum and the skin after the muscle in between was surgically removed. In stage 2, 14 days later, access to the caecal lumen was established by trocarisation of the adhesion and a soft, rubber caecal cannula was introduced. One horse has been cannulated (HGF1) and laminitis was induced successfully giving us insight into events in the caecum for the first time. Two horses have had stage 1 surgery and are ready for cannula insertion (stage 2). More cannulations and laminitis inductions are planned for 2005. 3. Establish profile of normal caecal microbiota by culture  Profiles of normal caecal microflora populations were documented through the creation of novel habitat-simulating medium containing Raftilose as the sole energy substrate (incubated equine caecal-fluid agar - IECA). Using this media, raftilose utilising organism (RUO) numbers in relation to other anaerobic bacteria were established for normal caecal contents.  4. Purify LTFs by filtration The trigger factors responsible for initiating laminitis remain elusive. It is clear however that the factors responsible for triggering the onset of laminitis occur in the equine hindgut 8-16h post fructan administration. Furthermore, the dominance of S. bovis, during this period implicates it as the aetiological agent of equine laminitis. Attempts to purify laminitis trigger factors (LTFs) from large volumes of S bovis culture media, using centrifugal filtration equipment, were not successful. We have developed a new casein containing medium and confirmed by zymography that S bovis produces a protease in the presence of casein. Analysis by zymography in gelatin containing PAGE gels showed the S bovis protease (SBP) was a gelatinase and possibly a metalloproteinase. Since the activated MMPs that cause laminitis are also gelatinases we investigated the possibility that SBP was a LTF. SBP was not inhibited by batimastat thus diminishing its likely resemblance to lamellar MMP. Interestingly caecal liquor taken when S bovis proliferation during OF induced laminitis had peaked contained very high concentrations of SBP. SBP and clarified caecal liquor from horses developing laminitis did not induce lamellar separation in vitro suggesting that LTFs are not of bacterial origin. It seems more likely that S bovis proliferation and concomitant protease production damages the mucosal epithelium of the hindgut and that LTFs are generated from the epithelium itself, during the re-epithelialisation process.  5. Design DNA probes to estimate normal caecal ecosystem Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FisH) probes, derived by 16s rRNA gene sequencing, successfully identified Gram positive and negative organisms in caecal and faecal material from normal horses. The results both validated FisH as a useful tool for studying hindgut bacterial populations and showed potential as a means of analysiing the caecal microflora during laminitis induction.  6. Search literature for fructan data in Australian pasture A collection of the relevant literature applying to grazing horses has been established. Contact has been made with an expert in Colorado USA (Katy Watts) who is an agronomist specialising in soluble carbohydrates as a cause of laminitis. It would be profitable if Dr Watts was employed by RIRDC to visit Australia for 8 weeks to investigate fructan in Australian grasses and produce a report suitable for Australian horse owners. Milestone 6 can be achieved employing a specialist agronomist. 7 Extract and cut DNA from microbes associated with laminitis The implanted caecal fistula enabled analysis of the caecal fluid during the development of laminitis. Rapid proliferation of OF-utilising organisms was observed in all samples prior to the onset of laminitis. Caecal and faecal isolates from horses developing laminitis were subjected to RFLP analysis and formed 10 operational taxonomic units (OTU). Representative isolates from each OTU were sequenced and Streptococcus bovis was demonstrated to be the predominant, culturable, RUO found in the equine hindgut prior to the onset of equine laminitis.  8. Establish profile of laminitis caecal microbiota by culture Changes in caecal microflora populations were documented using the novel habitat-simulating medium containing Raftilose (IECA). Using this media, changes in raftilose utilising organism (RUO) numbers in relation to other anaerobic bacteria were monitored throughout the course of experimentally induced laminitis. IECA and basal medium 10 (BM10) was used to determine viable counts for both Raftilose utilising organisms (RUO) and total anaerobes every 8 hours during Raftilose induced laminitis.  One hundred and fifty-six RUO were collected throughout the course of fructan-induced laminitis from 5 horses. Rapid proliferation of Raftilose-utilising organisms was observed in all samples prior to the onset of laminitis. Post-laminitis, however, S. bovis was not as prevalent, with Escherichia coli becoming established as the predominant RUO. RUO increased by 2.66 and 5.01 log units in caecal fluid and faeces respectively, while the total anaerobe counts obtained on basal medium 10 (BM10) increased by 1.05 and 1.92 log units in the caecum and faeces respectively. The pH of caecal fluid and faeces decreased to a pH of 4.4 at 8 hours and 4.2 at 16.25 hours and returned to normal within 16 hours in both samples.  9. DNA probes to identify laminitis causing caecal ecosystem A fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) probe targeted to S. bovis (Sb127) and a few other closely related organisms was developed and applied to the faecal samples collected throughout the course of equine laminitis. Sb127-targeted organisms were demonstrated to increase significantly between 8-16h post-fructan administration in all horses. These organisms then rapidly declined and were no longer observable in faecal specimens by 32-48h. These results both validated FISH as a useful tool for studying changes in known bacterial populations throughout the course of equine laminitis and added further strength to the hypothesis that RUO proliferate rapidly between 8-16h. These studies confirm the rapid proliferation of Streptococcus spp. observed in gram stains and by viable counting. 10. PCR the RNA from microbes associated with laminitis  The PCR products from laminitis associated isolates were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Isolates with identical RFLP banding patterns were grouped into the same OTU.  11. Quantify fructan fluxes in pasture on daily and annual basis Since commencing this project data has become available in publications by authors specializing in agronomy and animal production. The recruitment of agronomist Katy Watts (as suggested above) could achieve this milestone.
Publications	Pollitt, C.C., and van Eps A.W. (2004). Prolonged, continuous distal limb cryotherapy in the horse. Equine vet. J. 36: 216-220. Kyaw-Tanner, M. and Pollitt, C. C. Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase. Equine vet. J. 36:221-225. French, K.R. and Pollitt, C.C. (2004). Equine laminitis: loss of hemidesmosomes in hoof secondary epidermal lamellae correlates to dose in an oligofructose induction model: an ultrastructural study. Equine vet. J. 36: 230-235. French, K.R. and Pollitt, C.C. (2004). Equine laminitis: cleavage of L5 associated with basement membrane dysadhesion. Equine vet. J. 36: 242-247. van Eps, A.W. and Pollitt, C.C. (2004). Equine laminitis: cryotherapy reduces the severity of the acute lesion. Equine vet. J. 36: 255-260. French, K.R. and Pollitt, C.C. (2004). Equine laminitis: glucose deprivation and MMP activation induce dermo-epidermal separation in vitro. Equine vet. J. 36: 261-266. French, K.R. and Pollitt, C.C. (2004) Equine laminitis: congenital, hemidesmosomal plectin deficiency in a Quarter Horse foal. Equine vet. J. 36: 299-303. Kyaw-Tanner, M & Pollitt C. C. (2004). Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase. Equine vet. J. (in press). French, K.R. & Pollitt, C.C. (2004). Equine laminitis: loss of hemidesmosome ultrastructure correlates to dose in an oligofructose induction model. Equine vet. J. (in press). French, K.R. & Pollitt, C.C. (2004). Equine laminitis: cleavage of key hemidesmosome proteins associated with basement membrane dysadhesion. Equine vet. J. (in press.) van Eps, A.W. & Pollitt, C.C. (2004). Equine laminitis: cryotherapy prevents development of the acute lesion. Equine vet. J. (in press).

Completed Projects 2005-2006 - Other
 

Project Title	Prototype Environmental Management System (EMS) for the horse keeping community - implementation, auditing and monitoring
RIRDC Project No.:	EPS-1A
Researcher:	Ms. Jacqueline Frizenschaf
Organisation:	Environment Protection Authority (SA)
Phone:	(08) 8139 9919
Fax:	(08) 8139 9901
Email:	frizenschaf.jacqueline@saugov.sa.gov.au
Objectives	·1 Phase 1 - Produce a practical prototype EMS framework for the horse keeping community as a prerequisite and a point of reference for performance-based auditing and development approval. ·2 Phase 2 - Develop and test a self audit kit for horse keepers through close collaboration between the EPA and the horse keeping communities in different states. ·3 Phase 3 - Develop an awareness raising and EMS adoption program to reach out to the greater horse keeping community, in the Mt. Lofty Ranges watershed (incl. and interstate component).
Background	The project titled ‘Prototype Environmental Management System (EMS) for the Horse Keeping Community – Implementation, Auditing and Monitoring’ was a 3-year RIRDC-funded research project (referred to as ‘Horse EMS project’ in this report). The project explored the value of an environmental partnership approach between South Australian (SA) horse industry representatives and government to achieve environmental improvements on horse properties on a voluntary basis.
Research	The project methodology included a step-by-step design towards the final outcomes, especially the development of a self-audit kit to be promoted to the horse keeping community using a targeted outreach approach. The applied framework used throughout the project was modelled according to the basic elements of International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) 14001’s EMS methodology. This provide a systematic approach to capture the potential risks of horse management activities to the environment; to prioritise action to avoid or mitigate these risks; and to monitor the success of the on-property action(s) with the implied option of continually improving on-property land management. To achieve the project objectives, the overall methodology was strongly based on a partnership and consultative approach during each project phase. The primary project partners included the EPA and Horse SA, supported by other government and non-government entities. Principles commonly known as ‘participatory development (or management)’ were used to ensure that the project products were endorsed by all parties potentially affected or involved in the future use of the products. A pilot group, comprised of a cross section of the horse industry sector in South Australia was tasked to assist in the development, testing and review of the products. To ensure endorsement from the horse property owners as well as government, environmental land management principles (to be promoted via the products) were reviewed by scientific and government experts (to ensure a sound scientific basis), and tested by the pilot group (to ensure their likely adoption).  The project was rolled out in the Mount Lofty Ranges Watershed, the primary drinking water supply area for metropolitan Adelaide. Testing such a voluntary management effort in an environmentally sensitive region provided a sense of relevance to the project outcomes. Additional, underpinning tools used as part of the project included: the use of workshop and review sessions; field days; monitoring performance and evaluation for both the desired project outcomes and the actual environmental improvements on the ground. Qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluation tools comprised pilot participant surveys at the beginning and end of project; feedback surveys at the end of workshops and field days; participant reports /presentations on their on farm improvements; mid-term project review with project team. Throughout the three years or research, the project made extensive use of promotional opportunities such as media releases, and presentations at national and international conferences and local events.
Outcomes	· Phase 1 – Prototype EMS developed as a basis for developing a self-assessment tool for horse keepers. For the first time in Australia, a comprehensive register was compiled which included the most common horse keeping activities and their potential environmental impacts. This list was a valuable basis for a focused approach in Phase 2. The development of the register resulted in a mutual understanding of the fundamental environmental issues potentially caused by horse keeping activities. A total of three workshops, two field days and 10 site visits were held.  Additional products. During Phase 1 workshops and field days a significant knowledge gap of the pilot group (and hence, the larger horse keeping community) became apparent. There was no comprehensive understanding about how the biophysical conditions of a horse property related to the potential enforced detriment of the natural conditions if not managed right. As a result, a Step-by-Step Guide for Land Capability Assessment was devised for the pilot group using in kind support by the AMLR NRMB’s Land Management Program. The document guides the user through the process of assessing the biophysical conditions of the property and provides instructions on how to determine environmentally sustainable stocking rates on the horse property, appropriate locations for stables, yards and other intensive horse keeping structures and property maintenance requirements. In addition, a fence po