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RIRDC Completed Projects in 2006-2007 & Research in Progress as at June 2007
To New Plants Products Research in Progress
1.1 NEW PLANT PRODUCTS - COMPLETED PROJECTS PROJECT NO. PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION 1. Native Foods
CIE-33A Facilitation of Native Foods R&D Workshop and 5 Year Plan Development Dr Jenny Gordon (02) 6245 7800 The Centre for International Economics 2. Culinary Herbs, Spices and Beverages
AUC-4A Developing best management practices and resolving minor permit issues for the Australian herb and spice industry Mrs Jane Parker (07) 5483 2196 Australian Herb & Spice Industry Association Ltd DAQ-309A Influence of processing on the flavour of Australian coffee Dr James Drinnan (07) 4048 4600 QLD Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries SAG-5A Development of a range of pesticides for use in coffee Mr Keith Lewis (07) 4091 3253 Serve-Ag Pty Ltd US-136A Australian paprika: breeding & industry development Prof Peter Sharp (02) 9351 8803 University of Sydney 3. Extractive and Fibre Crops: Olives
DAN-239A A survey of Australian olive cultivars to determine compliance to international standards Dr Rodney Mailer (02) 6938 1818 NSW Department of Primary Industries UA-65A Cross-pollination in olive cultivars Prof Margaret Sedgley and Dr Jennifer Guerin (08) 8303 7249 University of Adelaide UWS-21A Development of olive pest and disease field guide A/Prof Robert Spooner-Hart (02) 4570 1429 University of Western Sydney 4. Extractive and Fibre Crops: Others
UWA-74A New oilseed options for Australian farmers and industry Dr Clive Francis (08) 6488 1878 University of Western Australia UWA-87A Marketing of alternative oilseeds Dr Clive Francis and Ms Margaret Campbell
(08) 6488 1878 University of Western Australia 4. Fruit, Vegetables and Nuts
DAS-49A Scoping study to determine the potential for watercress in Australia Mr John Fennell (08) 8389 8800 SA Department of Primary Industries and Resources GPI-1A Pomegranate - Investment background Mr Colin Lye (07) 4671 0044 Global Plant IP Pty Ltd 6. Grains and Pulses
UWA-73A Investigation into legumes with pharmaceutical and aquaculture potential Dr Shao Fang Wang et al (08) 9222 3040 University of Western Australia VOG-1A Quinoa - investment background (Retail Sector) Mr Robert Vogel (02) 9541 2890 The Vogel Group 7. Miscellaneous
MCK-4A New Rural Industries - A guide to success Mr David McKinna (03) 9696 1966 David McKinna et al Pty Ltd TEM-1A Scoping the future for bioenergy and biobased products in Australia: Economic perspective Dr David Batten (03) 9592 0720 The Temaplan Group US-144A Feasibility of Phytomining Dr Andrew Harris (02) 9351 2926 The University of Sydney
Project Title: Facilitation of Native Foods R&D Workshop and 5 Year Plan Development RIRDC Project No.: CIE-33A Researcher: Dr Jenny Gordon Organisation: The Centre for International Economics
GPO Box 2203
Canberra ACT 2601Phone: (02) 6245 7800 Fax: (02) 6247 7484 Email: jgordon@thecie.com.au Objectives 1. Briefly review the projects and their outputs and outcomes against the Objectives and Strategies of the Five Year Plan. 2. Briefly review the results of the industry email survey with respect to their priorities for the R & D program, ensuring that they focus on short term as well as longer term issues for industry.
3. To observe for the initial one day workshop and then facilitate the second day of the workshop with the key participants in the Native Food Industry to be held at the Gold Coast on 13-14 June 2007. A key outcome of this day will be the defining of research and development priorities for the industry for 2008/2009.
4. On the basis of the workshop discussion and other relevant input, prepare a draft five year plan (according to the current RIRDC template) for initial comment by workshop participants and subsequent discussion at the Inaugural AGM of the Australian Native Foods Industry Ltd in late 2007.
Background The previous five year plan for the Native Foods Industry has expired. Given the development of the Australian Native Food Industry Ltd as the peak industry body it was opportune to establish the research priorities and strategies for the next five years. Research Research projects from the past five years were reviewed, industry stakeholders were surveyed and a workshop took place in June 2007, The draft R&D Priorities and Strategies Report has been prepared and now only awaits the endorsement of the industry. Outcomes R&D priorities and strategies for the native foods industry 2007-2011 Implications This document will guide decisions for research and development investment for the native foods sub-Program. The performance against these priorities and strategies will be reviewed annually and be revised as appropriate. Publications The previous five year plan for the Native Foods Industry has expired. Given the development of the Australian Native Food Industry Ltd as the peak industry body, it was opportune to establish the research priorities and strategies for the next five years.
Culinary Herbs, Spices and Beverages
Project Title: Developing best management practices and resolving minor permit issues for the Australian herb and spice industry RIRDC Project No.: AUC-4A Researcher: Mrs Jane Parker Organisation: Australian Herb & Spice Industry Association Ltd
PO Box 737
Melrose Park SA 5039Phone: (07) 5483 2196 Fax: (07) 5447 0028 Email: qjcparker@bigpond.com Objectives To establish and develop a toolbox of minor use chemicals for herb and spice crops suitable for both domestic and export markets in line with integrated pest management (IPM) strategies across all production systems. Background In 2003 the farm-gate value of Australian herbs and spices was estimated to be worth $62 million. A further estimate from the industry has growth at around 20% per annum. Exports are the largest growth area, and this alone is expected to be valued at $100 million by 2009. To sustain this growth, permits for a range of minor use chemicals are required. The existing permits are mainly of a temporary status, which were due for renewal in 2004, and the data collection required for renewal at the start of this project had not been undertaken. For Australian growers to remain profitable and sustainable and to meet the increasing export demand, Australian permits need to have the rigour to affect entry into destination countries. Domestically, it is also important that the industry maintains its image of a ‘healthy’ product. The industry wants to ensure, through a systematic data collection process and minor use permits, that herb & spice products continue to be sold without infringement of maximum residue limits. Research The method undertaken was to collect current data and industry needs to identify ‘gaps’ and establish the required trials to collect data. The Australian Pesticide & Veterinary Medicines Association (APVMA), the industry regulators, has played a major part in providing guidelines and interpretation of the data requirements. Outcomes Industry minor use requirements have been identified. Guidelines have been established for herb & spice industry minor use permit data collection trials. Implications The project didn’t achieve all the objectives due to circumstances beyond its control and the timeframe. The project did identify the industry needs and requirements and developed guidelines for trials to commence. These trials are being conducted under a new RIRDC project.
Culinary Herbs, Spices and Beverages
Project Title: Influence of processing on the flavour of Australian coffee RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-309A Researcher: Dr James Drinnan Organisation: QLD Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
80 Ann St
Brisbane QLD 4001Phone: (07) 4048 4600 Fax: (07) 4092 3593 Email: james.drinnan@dpi.qld.gov.au Objectives 1. Conduct an audit of the processing equipment and systems currently used by the industry. 2. Determine the influence of various processing techniques on the flavour profile of Australian coffee.
3. Improve the understanding of coffee growers of the importance of the stages in processing in determining quality.
Background Growers currently use a range of equipment and techniques to process their coffee and they are unsure which produces the best quality. Exceptional quality is necessary to achieve the highest value and compete on the international scene. Little research work has been done in this area either here or overseas. In conjunction with the Australian Coffee Growers, this project was developed to determine the influence of various processing techniques on the liquoring quality. Research An audit was conducted of equipment and techniques used to process coffee in Australia. The results allowed several different processing techniques to be developed. Samples of coffee were then collected from growers across the Australian production area and were processed in several different ways. Samples were dried and hulled, assessed for green bean appearance and then sent to professional tasters for evaluation of liquor quality. Outcomes The method of processing had a large impact on both the appearance and liquoring quality of the coffee. The green bean colour was best where the mucilage had been removed by fermentation in water and poorest where the fruit dried around the beans. The liquor quality evaluations indicated that coffee pulped but not fermented (i.e. the mucilage is left on the parchment and dried) produced the best quality coffee. While coffee dried down in the fruit without pulping produced the poorest quality coffee. Implications In light of this project Australian Coffee growers are likely to consider modifying the way in which they process their coffee to improve its liquoring quality. Publications Drinnan, J.E. The influence of processing systems on the flavour of Australian Coffee. 26th International Horticultural Congress, August 2006 (Poster and Abstract). Seoul, South Korea.
Culinary Herbs, Spices and Beverages
Project Title: Development of a range of pesticides for use in coffee RIRDC Project No.: SAG-5A Researcher: Mr Keith Lewis Organisation: Serve-Ag Pty Ltd
PO Box 690
Devonport TAS 7310Phone: (07) 4091 3253 Fax: (07) 4091 4027 Email: biofield@bigpond.net.au Objectives To develop a range of pesticides for use in coffee. Background Coffee growing is a small but viable industry in Australia. Approximately 30 growers in Queensland and NSW produce some 1220 ha of crop and this is projected to grow substantially. Prior to commencement of this project, all permits for the use of pesticides in coffee had expired, and there were no pesticides available for growers to control of insects, weeds and fungal diseases in this crop.
It became necessary to address this situation, and to develop a range of pesticides suitable for use in coffee which were either fully registered or had sufficient data lodged with the APVMA to enable ongoing renewal of permits issued.
Research After consultation with growers, chemical manufacturers and the APVMA, a list of pesticides suitable for use in modern coffee production systems was drawn up, and the data requirements needed to allow ongoing use of these was defined, after lengthy consultations with the APVMA. In the case of some older and well known pesticides, it was necessary to provide the APVMA with grower testimonials concerning the successful use of these in the crop as well as scientific argument to further support claims of efficacy and crop safety. Amongst such products were insecticides (D-C-Tron Plus® and chlorpyrifos), herbicides, (glyphosate, Basta® and pendimethalin), and copper based fungicides. For newer chemistry products, replicated field studies for efficacy and crop safety, and residue trials conducted under GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) were required. Such products included the insecticides Success® (spinosad) Admiral® (pyriproxfen), Prodigy® (methoxyfenozide) and Applaud® (buprofezin). A series of trials was conducted from 2004 to 2006 to provide such data, which has subsequently been submitted to the APVMA for consideration.
In addition, the project undertook to apply for renewal of expired permits for use in the interim period so as to ensure that growers were able to control pests prior to the conclusion of this project. As a result, the following products are currently permitted for use in coffee:
SuccessÒ – Fully registered
Chlorpyrifos - Permitted
MimicÒ – Permitted
SupracideÒ – Permitted
D-C-Tron Petroleum oilÒ – Permitted
Glyphosate – Permitted
BastaÒ
StompÒ
Copper fungicides – permitted
Under consideration for registration or permit use are:
AdmiralÒ , ProdigyÒ and ApplaudÒOutcomes As a result of work conducted under this project, coffee growers now have access to a comprehensive range of registered or permitted pesticides for use in this crop. Growers are now able to better manage coffee crops using selected pesticides (including insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) chosen for their suitability for use within integrated pest management systems. This should encourage the trend towards integrated pest management and enhance the industries sustainability and environmentally responsible image. Implications The data generated during the course of this project will enable growers to legally utilise pesticides for managing insect pests in coffee. Without regulation of the types of pesticides used there has been a risk that the Australian coffee industry may be perceived as lacking necessary safeguards for public health and failing to prevent the possibility of excessive or ineffectual use of insecticides. By standardising the range of pesticides to include more modern chemistry, suitable for use in integrated pest management systems, the Australian coffee growing industry will be able to sustain its reputation for producing a clean, green, high quality product. It also enables growers to make informed decisions on which chemicals they use and the limitations and success they are likely to achieve.
Culinary Herbs, Spices and Beverages
Project Title: Australian paprika: breeding & industry development RIRDC Project No.: US-136A Researcher: Professor PJ Sharp Organisation: University of Sydney
Plant Breeding Institute
PMB11, Camden NSW 2570Phone: (02) 9351 8803 Fax: (02) 9351 8875 Email: peters@camden.usyd.edu.au Objectives Develop commercial cultivars of paprika for Australia, with a high proportion of the total yield in the first harvest, high dry matter content and high pigment content. Provide alternatives to farmers especially vegetable and other growers, enabling greater economic strength. Develop a paprika industry chain that will provide a new industry for Australia. Use a combination of single seed decent and other breeding methods for rapid generation advancement. Investigate and develop the use of male sterility as a method of hybrid seed production. Investigate and develop vegetative propagation of male sterile lines. Background This 3-year project is a continuation of US-116A: Condiment paprika: breeding, processing and commercialisation (Stage 2). There is a possibility of developing a commercial paprika industry for Australia, if high quality low cost production can be achieved. This project aims to develop germplasm that meets these criteria. There is a possibility of using genetic male sterility as a method of hybrid seed production, with maintenance of male sterile lines using vegetative propagation. Research The breeding work and testing of promising lines has continued, elite lines have been identified and lines have been submitted for Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) evaluation. The breeding methodology was accelerated using single seed descent and interspecific crosses with wild Capsicum species were used to transfer morphological traits related to machine harvestability into paprika. Additional crosses were made for disease resistance and further enhancement of male sterile lines. The effectiveness and efficiency of vegetative propagation of male sterile lines was investigated. Outcomes One cultivar (Cerise Sweet) was released. The transfer of fruit detachability from the wild species to paprika was successful. Some of these lines are ready to be submitted for PBR and other lines identified for continued testing. Propagation of male sterile lines from cuttings has been optimized and a rooting success rate of 100% achieved. Implications The paprika varieties and candidate lines could be progressed towards commercialisation. However, the hybrid seed production system needs to be optimized, combining ability determined and the most heterotic combinations identified before hybrid paprika will be a reality. Nevertheless, the lessons learnt in this project could be extended to the production of hybrid vegetable capsicum. Vegetable capsicum is a much larger market than paprika and hybrid seed is imported at great cost. Publications Hoxha A, Derera NF and Sharp PJ 2006 performance of some Hungarian and USA paprika cultivars under Australian conditions. 3rd Life Sciences Postgraduate Conference, USM Penang, Malaysia; 24-27 may 2006: 192 Derera NF, Nagy N, Hoxha A 2005 Condiment paprika research in Australia. J of Business Chemistry 2: 4-18
Nagy, N, Derera NF, Sharp PJ 2005 Capsicum: facts about chilli, capsicum, paprika. Agricultural Science 17: 12-17
Extractive and Fibre Crops: Olives
Project Title: A survey of Australian olive cultivars to determine compliance to international standards RIRDC Project No.: DAN-239A Researcher: Dr Rodney Mailer Organisation: NSW Department of Primary Industries
Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute
PMB, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650Phone: (02) 6938 1818 Fax: (02) 6938 1809 Email: mailerr@dpi.nsw.gov.au Objectives This project aims to survey the chemical profile of the 10 major Australian cultivars to identify cultivars or conditions which contribute to unacceptable oil quality. Background Current studies indicate that a significant proportion of Australian olive production does not meet standards set by the International Olive Council. No prior surveys of minor components have been carried out on Australian olive cultivars. Australian cultivars have been found to exceed the limits for linolenic acid and campesterol content. Research Olives were be sampled from four sites over two years and at two different harvest times to investigate the changes in olive composition from the effect of site, cultivar and environmental differences. The oils were to be tested for fatty acid profile, phytosterols, free fatty acids, peroxide value, trans fatty acids, wax and 2-palmitic acid. Outcomes The study generated over 7,000 individual quality results on 10 cultivars of olive oil. For almost all of the fatty acid components, samples were found that did not comply with IOC standards. Sterols also were found to exceed the levels in many instances. The final report will document all of the non-compliances of Australian oil. Implications Over 50% of Australian olive oil is likely to be exported in coming years. The oil is extracted directly from olive fruit and meets all of the processing requirements of international regulations (IOC). However due to environmental conditions Australian oil is sometimes outside the range of the existing standards. These standards are used to determine if oil has been adulterated with other products such as seed oils. The non-compliance of Australian product has already resulted in problems with four deliveries of oil to Italy in 2005. Urgent attention needs to be given to addressing these standards which may result in trade barriers for Australian product in the future. Publications Mailer, R.J. 2007. The natural chemistry of Australian Extra Virgin Olive Oil. RIRDC Publication No. 06/132, Project DAN239A. Mailer R.J. Chapter 4. Setting Quality Standards for Australasian Olive Oils. In "A Handbook of Australasian Lipids". In press.
Mailer, R.J., 2005. Variation in oil quality and fatty acid composition in Australian olive oil. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 45:115-119.
Curtis M. Kalua, Rodney J. Mailer, Jamie Ayton, Malcolm S. Allen, Danny R. Bedgood, Jr., Andrea G. Bishop, and Paul D. Prenzler. Discrimination of olive oils and fruits into cultivars and maturity stages based on phenolic and volatile compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 8054.
Ayton, J., R. J. Mailer, A. Haigh, D. Tronson, D. Conlan. Quality and oxidative stability of Australian olive oil according to harvest date and irrigation. Journal of Food Lipids 14:138-156.
Mailer R.J., Ayton, J. and Conlan D. 2007. Influence of harvest timing on Olive (Olea europaea) oil accumulation and fruit characteristics under Australian conditions. J. Fd Agric. & Environ. Vol 5. (3 & 4).
Extractive and Fibre Crops: Olives
Project Title: Cross-pollination in olive cultivars RIRDC Project No.: UA-65A Researcher: Professor Margaret Sedgley and Dr Jennifer Guerin Organisation: University of Adelaide
South Australia 5005Phone: (08) 8303 6665 Fax: (08) 8303 7116 Email: jennifer.guerin@adelaide.edu.au Objectives The aim of this research project is the identification of compatible and competitive pollen donors for five widely planted olive cultivars in Australia. Compatibility between cultivars will be investigated using DNA markers and paternity testing. The most likely pollen donors of olive fruits will be determined by analysing the DNA of embryos collected from trees within the orchard. Background Olives have a self-incompatibility mechanism and fruit set is known to benefit from cross-pollination. However, the compatibilities between cultivars vary markedly and do not behave in a reciprocal manner, indicating that certain cultivars may require separate pollen donor trees. In some cases large blocks of single cultivars have been planted, potentially resulting in low yields if compatible pollen is unavailable. The recent use of molecular markers for DNA fingerprinting can be used for the identification of pollen donors within olive groves. Fruit picked from a mother tree can be analysed to identify the DNA markers in the seed. As the maternal contribution is known, the paternal can be deduced by comparing the remaining markers with the potential pollen donors in the area. Research Five commercial cultivars, growing in two orchards, were examined to determine which cultivars in the grove were able to fertilise their flowers and cause fruit set. The cultivars studied were; Kalamata, Frantoio, Barnea, Mission and Koroneiki. The sites were a commercial grove in the Adelaide Hills and the National Olive Variety Assessment (NOVA) site on the Northern Adelaide Plains, where 17 and 54 different types of trees were identified respectively. Flowering times, weather conditions and pollen vitality were recorded over a two-year period when fruit was collected for analysis. DNA was extracted from each of the cultivars in the groves and fingerprinted with eight microsatellite markers. DNA was then extracted from up to 240 seeds of each cultivar over both seasons and analysed using the same DNA markers. Paternity assignment was based on the parental contribution of alleles in the embryo using the ‘most-likely method’. Outcomes During this study the pollination events were recorded for five cultivars in two groves, over two years. Most of the major cultivars overlapped to some extent in their flowering times and bore viable pollen. One cultivar, SA Verdale, was found to be predominantly male sterile and is not suggested as a pollen donor. Pollination events varied between the two seasons and compatible pollen donors were identified for all the cultivars tested. Implications The addition of compatible pollen donors into a grove will improve fruit set, which will have a major affect on yield. The results of this research will assist growers in planning orchard designs and renovations to include cultivars that are cross-compatible. Publications Mookerjee S, Guerin J, Collins G, Ford C, Sedgley M. (2005) Paternity analysis using microsatellite markers to identify pollen donors in an olive grove. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 111: 1174-1182 Guerin J, Mookerjee S, Collins G, Sedgley M. (2005) Compatible olive varieties. Australian and New Zealand Olive grower and Processor. May-June: 54-55.
Mookerjee S, Guerin J, Collins G, Ford C, Sedgley M. (2005) Pollination requirements of five major cultivars. The Olive Press Autumn edition: 22-25.
Mookerjee S, Guerin J, Collins G, Ford C, Sedgley M. (2005) Pollination study of five major cultivars. The Olive Tree April edition: 7.
Mookerjee S, Guerin J, Collins G, Sedgley M. (2003) New research to identify compatible olive cultivars. The Olive Press Autumn edition: 10.
Extractive and Fibre Crops: Olives
Project Title: Development of olive pest and disease guide RIRDC Project No.: UWS-21A Researcher: Associate Professor. Robert Spooner-Hart Organisation: University of Western Sydney
Locked Bag 1797
Penrith South DC NSW 1797Phone: (02) 4570 1429 Fax: (02) 4570 1103 Email: r.spooner-hart@uws.edu.au Objectives The key objective was to produce a pocket field guide book which included images and information on major pests and diseases of Australian olives for use by growers and industry consultants. Its production was aimed specifically to: ·1 Provide the Australian olive industry with further practical outcomes from project UWS-17A: Sustainable pest and disease management in Australian olive production ·2 Enable olive growers to more accurately identify pests, diseases and their damage, as well as beneficial species in groves
·3 Improve sustainable management of olive pests and diseases, and reduce overuse/misuse of pesticides
Background This project emanated from a previous RIRDC project ‘UWS-17A: Sustainable pest and disease management in Australian olive production’. During this project it became clear that growers and consultants were often unable to accurately diagnose pest and disease problems in olive groves, nor were they able to recognise beneficial species. There was no Australian publication on olive pests and diseases, so the current project responded to this need. Research The research team had identified a number of pests and diseases from the previous project and had also collected a number of images. UWS-21A involved the project members in determining a list of key pests and diseases in Australia as well as those not detected in Australia but of serious potential threat to the olive industry, and also the most important beneficial species in groves. The work involved compiling information on the biology, symptoms and general control strategies to accompany the images, which were selected on their basis of utility for growers and consultants to be able to recognise the pests, disease symptoms and associated damage in the field. The international literature and olive experts were both used to compile information on exotic species. Other sections included in the field guide were integrated pest management and field monitoring. The draft field guide was then designed, edited and presented to RIRDC in a final PDF format, ready for minor editing and printing in A6 or similar size on waterproof paper and with spring binding. In addition, the inside back cover of the guide will contain a plastic pocket to hold up-to-date information on pesticides permitted for use on olives.
Outcomes The field guide has been completed. It comprises 68 pages, with the following sections : Integrated pest management; Field monitoring; Diagnostic table of pest and disease symptoms; Beneficial species; Pests, diseases and disorders (33 key species or groups); Key pests and diseases not detected in Australia.
Implications The intention is for the field guide to be launched at the Australian Olive Association’s Expo in Canberra in October 2007. It is anticipated this high profile will raise further industry interest in the book, which will be available through RIRDC. Publications This publication from this project is titled "Field Guide to Olive Pests, Diseases and Disorders in Australia". Extractive and Fibre Crops: Others
Project Title New oilseed options for Australian farmers and industry RIRDC Project No.: UWA-74A Researcher: Dr Clive Francis Organisation: Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Climates (CLIMA)
University of Western Australia
35 Stirling Highway
Crawley WA 6009Phone: (08) 6488 1878 Fax: (08) 6488 1140 Email: cfrancis@cyllene.uwa.edu.au Objectives To deliver to farmers and industry new oilseed options for export and local production, namely:
1. Oilseeds for industrial use and the production of biodiesel2. Oilseed for the production of quality mustard oils for export
3. Oilseeds that contain high proportions of essential fatty acids; Omega 3 and Gamma Linolenic acids
Background The focus of industrial oil and biodiesel has been on low input species; Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) for biodiesel and Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) for high erucic acid industrial oil. A strong market for the high erucic acid Crambe oil is emerging in the European industrial oil market. The biodiesel research is now topical with fuel prices around 140 cents per litre. Research For the health oil and seed markets, seed increase of Golden Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and Camelina (Camelina sativa) lines was progressed. Omega 3 content of the oil in selected flaxseed lines ranged from 55-63% and that of Camelina 33-36%. A flaxseed line from the Vavilov Institute (K 7029) is a particularly early, short in statue with high harvest index which would seem ideally suited to cropping in mid season Mediterranean environments. Outcomes With RIRDC support, a marketing study of the various oilseeds has been initiated. Farm scale crops of Crambe, Camelina and Mustard were successfully established in 2005 for this study (UWA 87A: Marketing of alternative oilseeds). In collaboration with the Department of Agriculture 50 tonnes of mustard seed (Sel 8) was produced on research stations and extracted at a commercial plant. It is being evaluated in field station vehicles.
Project Title: Marketing of alternative oilseeds RIRDC Project No.: UWA-87A Researcher: Dr Clive Francis and Ms Margaret Campbell Organisation: Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Climates (CLIMA)
University of Western Australia
35 Stirling Highway
Crawley WA 6009Phone: (O8) 6488 1878 Fax: (08) 6488 1140 Email: cfrancis@cyllene.uwa.edu.au Objectives The objective is to establish the current and potential markets, strategies for production and handling of the range of alternative oilseeds, which can be bought into commercial production over the next 2 years if prices and demand are established. Background New oilseeds, if profitable, are a valuable addition to the farming system in providing alternatives to canola in the rotations. This would greatly aid control of diseases such as black leg, to which most of the alternatives are not susceptible. In doing so the potential is there to increase national oilseed production where the frequency of canola cropping is limited by the disease. They would also provide the potential to grow profitable crops in drier areas (the mustards) and sandy soils (camelina) environments where current canola cultivars are not well adapted. Research The major outcome sought was to have commercial control and marketing integrated in the marketing plan to be developed in conjunction with consultants arranged by the commercial partner Grain Pool of WA. This organisation is this year the largest marketer of oilseeds in Australia. The Grain Pool’s experience in handling of oilseeds in conjunction with partner CBH (Australia largest bulk handling organisation) was the key contribution to the project. Outcomes A market of yellow oriental mustard has been established in SE Asia and its future will depend on the alignment with canola prices. The high Omega 3 oil of camelina is keenly sought in Europe and an oil shipment of 6 tonnes has been consigned to Finland who seek larger quantities in future of this quality oil. There is a clear market for golden linseed both in the boutique organic market and non organic forms. However, large scale production will not take place until 2007 due to slow rates of seed increase. Although a strong demand for industrial high erucic acid oil exists in USA and Europe difficulties and handling costs of the seed in husks greatly diminishes farmer interest in Australia. Implications The market for camelina oil, mustard, and golden linseed has been established. Further development will be in the hands of specialist growers and marketing companies. Publications Campbell M C and Walton G M (2005) Alternative oilseed crops x herbicide tolerance. WANTFA Technology Booklet 2005. Campbell M C and Walton G M (2005) Seed oils for Industry and Energy. Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas. (ARAB) Port Lincoln, SA October 2005.
Campbell M C (2005). Industrial Market potential for Oilseeds including Canola. WA Oilseeds – Biodiesel Workshop. DAWA South Perth.
Francis C M and Campbell M C (2004). Alternative Oilseeds for Australia. RIRDC New Crops Handbook 2004.
Project Title: Scoping Study to determine the potential for Watercress in Australia RIRDC Project No.: DAS-49A Researcher: Mr John Fennell Organisation: SA Department of Primary Industries & Resources
PIRSA
Swamp Road
Lenswood SA 5240Phone: (08) 8389 8800 Fax: (08) 8389 8899 Email: fennell.john@saugov.sa.gov.au Objectives 1. Assess market potential in Australia for watercress 2. Determine the most practical production methods and costs of production
3. Identify availability of superior genetic material in regard to nutritional/functional content
4. Align production methods with environmental requirements
5. Identify likely consumer requirements (packaging, presentation, pack size)
6. Determine the best retail entry pathways and propose potential supply chain frameworks
7. Compile evidence of proven health benefits
Background Healthy and casual eating is very much a way of Australian life. Novel crops that offer new tastes and significant health benefits are always worthy of consideration. Watercress is a long established traditional salad crop in other parts of the world but is used in very limited quantities in Australia. Research This study was undertaken to assemble available information that would be useful for potential investors wishing to consider the potential for watercress production and marketing in Australia. Information was obtained on production methods, crop handling, marketing issues, health benefits, food safety considerations. This study was based upon literature and website searches, correspondence with overseas producers and a visit to a major producer and marketer of watercress in the UK. The industry partner to this project, Holla Fresh Pty Ltd, undertook hydroponic production of watercress with market testing with consumer focus groups to prove product potential.
Outcomes Watercress is relatively easy to grow. Whilst there is opportunity for watercress to be produced using hydroponic systems, it is likely that the most cost competitive production would be achieved using traditional gravel beds combined with mechanical harvesting and handling. This statement, however, needs to be viewed with the understanding that hydroponics offers greater water-use efficiency and that mechanisation may be possible with some ingenuity. Hydroponic production is likely to offer the best first stage whilst the crop gains acceptance in the Australian market. Watercress production may also offer opportunities for multiple water use in combination with other horticultural or aquaculture enterprises. Strong consideration must be given to effective cool chain handling for successful presentation of the product through to the retail outlet and beyond to the consumer.
Future validation of the health benefits attributed to watercress is likely to encourage demand for this crop.
Some consumers enjoyed the taste of watercress but others found it to be too strong. These consumers considered that watercress would be most acceptable when incorporated into a mix. This finding is consistent with the main way that watercress is sold in the UK supermarkets.
Implications Watercress offers a new taste opportunity for Australian consumers and has potential. Acceptance of this crop would be enhanced by promotion of its benefits and the best way to use it. The food service industry, such as restaurants, can play an important role in presenting this crop to consumers in salad or cooked form through its use in meal experiences. Publications Fennell, John FM. 2006. Potential for Watercress Production in Australia. RIRDC Publication No 06/105. December 2006, p. 66.
Project Title: Pomegranate - Investment background RIRDC Project No.: GPI-1A Researcher: Mr Colin Lye Organisation: Global Plant IP Pty Ltd
PO Box 797
Goondiwindi QLD 4390Phone: (07) 4671 0044 Fax: (07) 4671 0066 Email: colinlye1@bigpond.com.au Objectives This study was conducted to uncover the extent of pomegranate production in Australia and provide recommendations to RIRDC for further investment. The study aims to provide current and new growers, processors, packers, consolidators, transporters, wholesalers and nurseries with a ‘snap-shot’ of the Australian pomegranate industry and its potential. Background The Pomegranate (Punicum Granatum) is mentioned in history as far back as in the writings of Old Testament. Its history in Australia has been primarily as a back yard ornamental. The original source of plant material is suspected to have come from somewhere between Iran to the Himalayas in northern India. Global production is mainly centred in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions. Pomeganates are grown also in similar climates in the USA, South America and Australia. Because of a history of anecdotal health benefits, a lot of research is currently being undertaken to better understand the nutritional benefits. Little is being done currently on the production or breeding side for industry development. The investigation follows from recent data uncovered from the USA which shows the pomegranate juice market has expanded from 2001 to 2005 by greater than 750%, into $66 million retail industry (AC Nielson). Research Very little is published on the production of pomegranates, so the method relied on was ‘one-on-one’ discussions with primarily growers currently evaluating the commercial value. Literature searched uncovered documentation of the tree costs of production, returns per ML water and yields that was quite variable and at best unreliable. Outcomes Worldwide there is a significant amount of research currently being undertaken into the health benefits of pomegranates. These studies indicate that pomegranates have an efficacy against a range of diseases including cancers. There is potentially a counter seasonal opportunity for exporters sending fresh produce (whole fruit or arils) into the Northern Hemisphere. Globally the market is expanding and it is anticipated that Australia will follow this trend. Recommendations for future RIRDC investment areas were identified. Implications This is an industry that is highly likely to rapidly expand in Australia over the next few years. RIRDC does have a role in facilitating the development of this new industry.
Project Title: Investigation into legumes with pharmaceutical and aquaculture potential RIRDC Project No: UWA-73A Researcher: Dr Shao Fang Wang, Prof Peter Leedman, Kevin Foster, John Howieson, Prof Clive Francis, Ms Vicki Russell Organisation: Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture (CLIMA)
University of Western Australia
35 Stirling Hwy
Nedlands WA 6009Phone: (08) 9222 3040 Fax: (08) 9325 7767 Email: swang@ccwa.wa.org.au Objectives 1. Develop a capacity for chemical analysis of legumes such that species from the unique University of Western Australia genebank with valuable pharmaceutical or aquaculture benefit can be developed. 2. Undertake chemical identification of isoflavonoids and bioactive compounds from legumes and asses their efficacy in mammalian breast/prostate cancer proliferation assays.
3. Generate a basic knowledge of the chemistry of legume germplasms such that cultivars can be developed to suit specific industries.
4. Develop cultivars for specific industries.
Background Legumes have been used as traditional medicines throughout Asian and the Middle East, however, very little systematic investigation into the pharmaceutical and potential other uses have been undertaken. There is a large potential for the utilisation of forage legumes in industries other than mainstream agriculture as a source of protein, dietary phytohormones, new drugs and as aquaculture feeds for the intensive fish and prawn feed industries. Research This report provides data on pasture legume’s agronomics, anticancer activities and chemical analysis. The investigation covered 160 legume accessions from 29 genera and 47 species. Extracts were prepared using different plant parts (green tissue, seeds, roots). Several crude extracts with strong anticancer activity were selected for further fractionation to identify active compounds. Outcomes The in vitro data suggests that novel drugs or dietary supplements from pasture legumes may have efficacy in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer. 40 pasture legume seeds were also examined for nutritional and anti-nutritional values. Implications The discovery and development of legumes into novel drugs needs further animal model studies and clinical trial tests. It is a complex, long term, multi-disciplinary study that is required. Of all the plants screened, a third showed significant anticancer activity in vitro. This indicates that pasture legumes are a source of novel drugs and continuing investigation the screening of pasture legumes is recommended.
Project Title: Quinoa – Investment Background (Retail Sector) RIRDC Project No.: VOG-1A Researcher: Mr and Mr Organisation: The Vogel Group
11 Havannah Place, Illawong
Sydney NSW 2234Phone: (02) 9541 2890 Fax: (02) 9541 2881 Email: robert.vogel@thevogelgroup.com.au; dean.vogel@thevogelgroup.com.au Objectives This report is a category analysis of five product categories, proprietary bread, cereal, snack food, savoury biscuit and pasta categories within five Australian food retailers namely Coles, Woolworths, Aldi, Healthy Life and Macro Wholefood Markets. The project analysed each categories market value, Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) total, in-store shelf space, product in-store positioning and product health attribute total. This analysis will assist in establishing the opportunity that may exist for quinoa in the Australian retail sector and where further research is required. Background The scientific backing of quinoa is overwhelming in its suggestion that quinoa has a nutritional makeup that provides consumers with a product high in protein, fibre, vitamins, iron and the eight amino acids. It has been discussed that quinoa has the potential to be grown in Australia as it requires little water and is resistant to salty soils. However, there are several questions that need to be answered. These are: If Australia were to begin a quinoa farming program would retail sell a product with attributes such as those associated with quinoa? What is the current market value of related categories? And how are products with similar attributes to quinoa currently positioned? This report aims to answer these questions, in an attempt to highlight retail industry trends in relation to mainstream and health product position. Research The dollar value of all research categories was determined, a combined value of $2.89 billion in 2006. The size of each category at point-of-sale (a total of 1479 products were studied) and the shelf space dedicated to mainstream versus health positioning was established. Analysis of all category product attributes was conducted to discover the possible emerging trend of health attributes in the Australian food retail sector. Outcomes ‘Mainstream healthy’ is the emerging trend in the Australian food retail sector. There are more products with health attributes than there are without, and the high majority of these products are positioned in the mainstream grocery aisle. This is a positive trend for a product such as quinoa as many of the attributes of quinoa are already seen in the mainstream aisles. The health aisle is getting smaller, and many ‘health’ products are getting blended into the mainstream grocery aisle. Implications To get quinoa into a market through a niche positioning strategy would stifle its opportunity and reduce its potential in any of the five categories studied in this project. Quinoa has the potential to be a standalone product as well as an ingredient due to its nutritional value. Quinoa could also take advantage of the growing market share of private label, which has emerged as a strengthening retail strategy in Australia.
Project Title: New Rural Industries - A guide to success RIRDC Project No: MCK-4A Researcher: Mr David McKinna Organisation: McKinna et al Pty Ltd
Rear 131 Victoria Avenue
Albert Park VIC 3203Phone: (03) 9696 1966 Fax: (03) 9696 1965 Email: david.mckinna@davidmckinna.com.au Objectives 1. Interview participants from a range of new industries including entrepreneurs, growers and other participants in the supply chain such as retailers and relevant RIRDC program managers and researchers, to determine the most common issues facing new industries. 2. Review and analyse available literature to define factors leading to success and failure in new rural industries
3. From findings in (1) and (2), develop a user-friendly Guide to new industry development - do’s and don’ts which is illustrated by case studies. · Include relevant RIRDC publications as well as other Australian and international publications. · Include, where relevant, findings from similar research on new industry development that is not within the rural sector.
· Include research findings which address the most common issues found in (1).
4. Devise a communication strategy to ensure that investors in new industries are aware of and utilise the guidelines produced.
5. Based on the findings of this research, make recommendations to RIRDC as to how it could improve its role in developing new and emerging industries.
Background New industries face a number of challenges and opportunities. Included among these are the development of markets and supply chains, suitable product quality, industry politics and industry leadership. While many of these challenges and opportunities are specific to particular industries, some are common to many new industries. However, it is not common for investors or farmers in a new industry which is struggling with a particular issue to contact a new industry which has solved that particular problem or to learn from others’ experiences. They tend to be very involved within their own industry. As a result, new industries may often repeat the same mistakes made by others. As managers of research and development for new and emerging industries, RIRDC has had considerable experience in the development of new industries over the last 15 years. The outcome of this consultancy will be a flagship publication for RIRDC which draws on lessons from this experience -as well as experiences within other sectors where relevant. This publication will detail success factors for new industries but will also outline factors underlying failure of new industries. It will be primarily targeted at investors and farmers involved in new industry development. Research This work has been completed. Outcomes A user guide for new industries is currently being reviewed and edited into a format that will be readily accessed by the target audience (i.e. new industries in Australia).
Project Title: Scoping the future for bioenergy and biobased products in Australia: Economic perspective RIRDC Project No: TEM-1A Researcher: Dr David Batten Organisation: The Temaplan Group
26 Shasta Avenue
East Brighton VIC 3187Phone: (03) 9592 0720 Email: battendf@yahoo.com Objectives To scope from an economic perspective the following in relation to the future for bioenergy and biobased products in Australia: a) opportunities for agriculture across all industries b) impacts on the livestock industry
c) policies regarding biofuels security
d) options for expanding demand
e) options for encouraging future capital investment
Research This report has been completed and will be incorporated into the final report for CSW-44A: Scoping the future for bioenergy and biobased products in Australia. Publications Incorporated into "Biofuels in Australia – An overview of issues and prospects" Incorporated into "Biofuels in Australia – Issues and prospects" (RIRDC Publication 07/071).(RIRDC Publication 07/070).
To be published as part of the final report for CSW-44A: Scoping the future for bioenergy and biobased products in Australia.
Project Title: Feasibility of Phytomining RIRDC Project No.: US-144A Researcher: Dr Andrew Harris Organisation: University of Sydney
NSW 2006Phone: (02) 9351 2926 Fax: (02) 9351 2854 Email: a.harris@usyd.edu.au Objectives The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of phytomining in Australia by identifying possible sites, plant species most suited to these regions and methods of recovering metals from the plants once sequestered. We also investigated the economic and environmental sustainability of phytomining projects, in the longer term, using technological and economic models. Background Phytomining and phytoremediation involve the extraction of minerals from soils, sediments and waters using specially selected, hyper-accumulating plants. Phytomining is commercially motivated, the objective being to produce a viable metal yield, at production costs low enough to compete with traditional mining techniques. Research We found that, in Australia, the sites most suited to phytomining are those with ultramaphic or serpentine soils, which have mineral concentrations too low to be economically mined by traditional means. Phytomining also appears viable where there are high metal concentrations around mine and mineral processing treatment plants (e.g. near tailings dams or smelters). In Australia, it appears that the most promising locations for phytomining generally are in the Western Australian goldfields (gold and nickel) and around Olympic Dam in South Australia (uranium, copper and gold). Outcomes Phytomining is far less intrusive than traditional mining techniques, which are energy and resource intensive, and require substantial site remediation at the end-of-life of the mine. By comparison, phytomining; Depending on the mineral(s) being extracted, and the location, phytomining has an environmental impact similar to a commercial farm. Furthermore, there is potential to develop industrial synergies with related industries, e.g. by generating renewable energy during the combustion of the plant biomass during metal recovery. This further increases the profitability and sustainability of phytomining. i) requires reduced energy inputs, ii) uses solar energy to generate a ‘bio-ore’, and
iii) improves the quality of the soil for other applications over time.
Different plants are better at hyper-accumulating different metals, with Brassica juncea most appropriate for gold and copper, and Hybanthus floribundus suited to nickel phytomining. System modelling showed that phytomining in Australia using common hyperaccumulating plants, could be highly profitable, generating revenue of around AU$0.5 million per hectare per year at current metal prices.
Implications Our assessment has shown that phytomining is potentially an economically and environmentally sustainable technology with many possible applications in rural and regional Australia.
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